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a deck of Pathology > General Path. > Flashcards

General Path. Flashcards

1
Q

antigen surveillance

A

T cells use TCR complex
CD4 - MHC II
CD8 - MHC I

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2
Q

signals for cd4 activation

A 
> antigen presented with MHCclass ii
> B7 on APC binds CD28 on CD4Tcell
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3
Q

cd4 can help two cells

A

B cells, CD8

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4
Q

th1 subset secretes ____ during NFL;

what is the effect?

A 
IFN gamma; 
> activates macrophage
> promotes formation of Th1
> inhibits formation of Th2
IL2;
> Tcell GF 
> CD8 activator
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5
Q

th2 subset secretes ____ during NFL;

what is the effect?

A 
> IL4; class switch from igG to E
> IL5; eosinophil chemotaxis/activation, Bcells => plasma & class switching to IgA
> IL10; inhibits Th1 phenotype
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6
Q

cd8 cytotoxic is activated with

A

> Ag presented on MHC I

> IL2 from cd4

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7
Q

what do cytotoxic t cells secrete?

A

perforins
granzyme
Fas ligand

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8
Q

B lymphocytes activated by

A 
> Ag presented on MHC class II
> CD40 on B cell to CD40L on helper T cell
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9
Q

epitheliod histiocyte

A

> macrophage with abundant pink cytoplasm
UZE surrounded by giant cells and rim of lymphocytes
this is the defining feature of a granuloma

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10
Q

non caseating granulomas

A

> lack central necrosis

> from rxn to foreign material

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11
Q

caseating granulomas

A

> exhibit central necrosis

> characteristic in TB and fungal infections

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12
Q

differential for non caseating granulomas

A

> Chron’s
sarcoidosis
beryllium
cat scratch disease

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13
Q

what macrophage cytokine stimulates formation of Th1 helper T cells

A

IL-12; this happens in both caseating and non caseating granulomas

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14
Q

what Th1 cytokine stimulates formation of epitheliod histiocytes and giant cells?

A

IFN gamma

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15
Q

what are the key mediators in apoptosis

A

caspases

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16
Q

leukocyte MARGINATION

A

> step 1
vasodilation slows blood in POST CAP. VENULES
cells marginate from center to the PERIPHERY

17
Q

leukocyte ROLLING

A

> step 2
histamine triggers Pselectin from WEIBEL PALADE bodies
Eselectin induced by TNF & IL1
selectins on endothelial

18
Q

leukocyte ADHESION

A

> step 3
ICAM/VCAM on endothelium (TNF, IL1 trigger)
Integrins on leukocytes (C5a, LTB4 triggered)
interaction btn CAMs and integrins is FIRM

19
Q

leukocute TRANSMIGRATION, CHEMOTAXIS

A 
> step 4
> neutrophils attracted via
>>> bacterial products
>>> IL8
>>> C5a
>>> LTB4
20
Q

leukocyte PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

> step 5
enhanced by opsonins.
» IgG
» C5b

21
Q

leukocyte WASTE REMOVAL

A

> step 6
O2 is the most effective mechanism
HOCl is generated during oxidative burst and kills microbes

22
Q

oxidative burst enzymes

A

O2 => O2- => H2O2 => HOCl

1) NADPH oxidase
2) superoxide dismutase
3) myeloperoxidase

23
Q

What does elevated D-dimer mean? why?

A

> abnormal thrombotic states (DIC, DVT, pulm. embol.)
D-mers are are a type of FIBRIN SPLIT PRODUCT
fibrin split products occur from degrading fibrin clots

24
Q

Virchows triad

A

> hypercoaguloability
abmornal blood flow
endothelial injury

25
Q

clinical conditions of hypercoagulobility

A

factor V leiden and prothrombin gene mutations

many others too, but these are common inherited

26
Q

clinical conditions of abmornal blood flow

A

> turbulence from athrerosclerotic plaques
stasis from sickle cell anemia vascular occlusions
hyperviscosity from polycythemia vera

27
Q

clinical conditions of endothelial injury

A

> vasculitis
trauma, inflammation
hypertension

28
Q

warfarin inhibits

A

> inhibits all of the calcium dependant clotting factors

> 2, 7, 9, 10, protein C, protein S

29
Q

heparin acts on

A

> anti-thrombin III to accentuate/catalyze inhibition of factor 10a and 9 a.

30
Q

both heparin and warfarin act on both sides of the coagulation cascade (T/F) Significance in labs?

A

true. they both increase PT/INR and PTT

31
Q

which test is most sensitive for coumadin?

A

coumadin is most sensitive to PT/INR testing

32
Q

which test is most sensitive for heparin?

A

heparinis most sensitive to PTT testing

33
Q

relationship between warfarin and coumadin

A

they are the same. “Coumadin” is the brand name for the active ingrediant warfarin sulfate

34
Q

streptokinase is?

A

> bacterial enzyme

> it cleaves plasminogen to plasmin => FIBRINOLYSIS of fibrinclot

35
Q

lymphadenitis vs lymphangitis

clinical features

A

> angitis appears as a red, subQ streak

> adenitis is enlargement of the nodes

a deck of Pathology (6 decks)

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