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Science > Chapter 7 - Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not just the absence of disease

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2
Q

Infectious disease

A

Caused by a pathogen and can be transmitted between hosts. Eg: Ebola, influenza, rubella, chicken pox, hep a

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3
Q

Disease

A

A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal or plant. Especially one that produces specific symptoms or affects a specific location, not just a result of physical injury

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4
Q

Non-infectious disease

A

Result of a bodily function not working correctly. Caused by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors.
Eg: Cancer, ADHD, OCD, Autism, dyslexia

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5
Q

Pathogen

A

A biological agent that causes a disease. Most are microorganisms. eg: bacteria, Protozoa, virus, prions, fungi, macroscopic parasites

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6
Q

Vector

A

A biological agent that transmits a pathogen but not necessarily harmed by it. Eg: mosquito carrying malaria

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7
Q

Transmission

A

The movement of a pathogen between hosts

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8
Q

Protozoa

A

Only a few are pathogens and can be seen with a light microscope. Eg: Amoeba. They are functionally independent individual cells and are single-celled. They have animal-like behaviours such as predation

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9
Q

Fungi

A

Only a few cause disease in humans. Mostly disease of the skin. Eg: ringworm they spread through spores and usually grow in warm, moist environments

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10
Q

Prions

A

Proteins that have a strange shape and cause other proteins to adopt their strange shape eg: BSE (mad cow disease)

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11
Q

Macroscopic Parasites

A

Can be seen without a microscope. Eg: tapeworm. They invade a host and take nutrients from it

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12
Q

Bacteria

A

Cause a lot of different diseases. Based on shape. Bacteria is microscopic and unicellular (one cell) . However many bacterias are good and important for the environment

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13
Q

Cocci , staphylocci , streptococci bacteria

A

Spheres , clusters , chains

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14
Q

Bacilli bacteria

A

Rods

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15
Q

Spirilla bacteria

A

Spirals

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16
Q

Virus

A

DNA wrapped in a protein shell. Hijack hosts cell and use the cell system to reproduce. Only can be seen with an electron microscope. Not ‘living’, needs host to reproduce. Can lay dormant for long time. Eg: polio

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17
Q

Antibiotics

A

Work by attacking the cell wall. Only effective on bacteria. Eg: penecillin

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18
Q

Outbreak

A

A disease that suddenly gets out of control. Can also refer to pandemic outbreaks and epidemic outbreaks eg: 2014 Ebola outbreak

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19
Q

Endemic

A

A disease that regularly effects a small number of people in the population. Eg: malaria

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20
Q

Epidemic

A

Higher than normal numbers are affected by a particular disease in a certain place. Eg: gastro

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21
Q

Pandemic

A

Outbreak that goes global, crossing boarders, everyone’s at risk. Eg: Ebola

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22
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Works by giving the person the antibodies to fight the antigen. Wears off quickly

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23
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Artificially stimulate the immune system as if it has had the disease before (even if it hasn’t) effective against bacteria and viruses

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24
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Your body (leucocytes) recognises diseases you’ve had before and creates antibodies to fight it

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25
Q

Active Immunity

A

Occurs with vaccination using dead, weakened or related form of the disease. Stimulates the immune response without the person getting the full disease.

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26
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Dead, attenuated (weakened) or related forms of the disease are given to the person through vaccination. This stimulates the immune response without the person getting the full disease. The vaccination can wear off so boosters are needed every few years

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27
Q

Infectious disease Case study

A

Ringworm

28
Q

Infectious disease Case study - causative pathogen?

A

Fungi

29
Q

Infectious disease Case study - Vector/transmission

A

Contact with infected humans, animals or objects such as hats, hairbrushes, towels, clothing and sports equipment

30
Q

Infectious disease Case study - Control of Transmission

A

Avoid contact with contaminated objects, humans and animals

31
Q

Infectious disease Case study - Characteristic Symptoms

A

Begins as a flat ring-shaped rash and gradually gets larger. Can be dry and scaly or wet and crusted

32
Q

Infectious disease Case study - Treatment and Management

A

Anti fungal medication

33
Q

Physical Barrier

A

First line of defence - walls and moat

34
Q

Physical Barrier - skin

A

Forms tough outer layer that microorganisms can’t penetrate. Covered in harmless bacteria that stop pathogens multiplying on surface

35
Q

Physical Barrier - Mucous membrane

A

Digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tract lined with thick mucous which contains antibody Immunoglobulin A. This stops pathogens invading

36
Q

Physical Barrier - Cilia

A

‘Hairs’ that line the respiratory surface of the nose, trachea and bronchial tubes. Sweep mucous out nose opening and pharynx

37
Q

Non-Specific Response

A

Second line of defence. Soldiers and archers

38
Q

Non-Specific Response - inflammation response

A

Chemicals histamine and prostaglandins increase blood circulation around infected site. Skin goes red from blood circulation there and brings white blood cells to site. These break down pathogens and the toxins are carried away because of increased blood flow. Blood vessels dilate (get bigger) and become leaky. This allows toxins in and out of cells and allows white blood cells to move around infection site.

39
Q

Non-Specific Response - phagocytosis

A

White blood cells (leucocytes) move from blood to infected area and devour foreign material (phagocytosis). Dead leucocytes and cells form yellowish discharge (pus)

40
Q

Immune Response

A

Third line of defence - spies and assassins

41
Q

Immune Response - Acquired immunity

A

Antigen (bad) engulfed by macrophage (phagocyte). Phagocyte displays antigen on surface. Antibody (T helper) recognises antigen and signals through chemical - cytokines to produce other antibodies (T killers) to kill antigen

42
Q

Arguments for vaccination (8)

A

Prevent diseases, keep you healthy, they’re safe, won’t give you the disease it’s trying to prevent, protects your family, protects future generations, can help eliminate that disease, can save a life

43
Q

Arguments against vaccination (7)

A

Unsafe, not adequately tested, overwhelm the immune system, religion, can cause autism and other problems, unnatural, cause/worsen asthma and allergies

44
Q

Non-Infectious Disease Case Study

A

Cancer

45
Q

Non-Infectious Disease Case Study - cause

A

Lifestyle, genes and environment

46
Q

Non-Infectious Disease Case Study - Symptoms (15)

A

Unusual lump/swelling anywhere, unexplained pain/ache, problems peeing, persistent cough, coughing up blood, new mole or changes to mole, unexplained weight loss, blood in pee/poo, unusual breast changes, sore that won’t heal, difficulty swallowing, persistent bloating, croaky voice, persistent heartburn/indigestion, breathlessness

47
Q

Non-Infectious Disease Case Study - treatment (4)

A

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy

48
Q

Non-Infectious Disease Case Study - management control

A

National cancer control programmes designed to reduce cancer cases and deaths and improve life quality of cancer patients

49
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Some people, for various reasons, can’t be vaccinated so rely on others around them to be vaccinated to prevent exposure of the disease to them

50
Q

Problems with viruses

A

Mutate new strains very quickly. Eg: influenza. This means a new vaccination needs to be created each flu season to update immunity to the current strain

51
Q

Bacteria examples

A

Whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, typhoid fever

52
Q

Virus examples

A

Measles, mumps, rubella, polio, chicken pox, herpes, warts

53
Q

Fungi examples

A

Tinea, thrush, ringworm

54
Q

Protozoa examples

A

Sporozoa, ciliates, flagellates, amoebae

55
Q

Passive artificial immunity example

A

Injection antibodies

56
Q

Passive natural immunity example

A

Breast feeding

57
Q

Active artificial immunity example

A

Vaccination

58
Q

Active natural immunity example

A

Get the infection

59
Q

Genetic Disease

A

This is passed from parent to child (hereditary) eg: haemophilia or can include a predisposition to a particular disease eg: breast cancer

60
Q

Lifestyle disease

A

Caused by engaging in activities that can cause disease. Eg: smoking can lead to cancer. Poor diet can lead to hypertension

61
Q

Environmental disease

A

Caused by exposure to environmental hazards that cause disease. Eg: heavy metals (lead poisoning ect), asbestos, radiation

62
Q

Difficulty of classifying non-infectious disease

A

It can be hard to find the cause for non-infectious disease as sometimes we don’t know what triggers it or there can be many things that do. There is always an overlap of the different causes of non-infectious disease as most aren’t just environmental, or genetic or lifestyle and there are many of these factors that can cause one disease.

63
Q

Chromosomal disease

A

Chromosomes are the structures that hold genes. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the body (46 in total) if someone has extra chromosomes or non enough a disease is caused. A non-infectious chromosomal disease would be Down syndrome in which the person has three copies of the chromosome 21 instead of a pair of two

64
Q

Gene Abnormality

A

Is a non-infectious disease which is inherited and caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. Eg: autism, cystic fibrosis

65
Q

Nutritional diseases

A

Can be caused by an insufficient take in of food or by the body not being able to absorb nutrients. It can also be caused by over eating. Nutritional disease is a form of lifestyle disease. Eg: obesity, malnutrition

66
Q

Physiological Malfunction

A

These are diseases caused by organs or systems in the body malfunctioning and causing illness. Eg: asthma, diabetes, hypertension

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