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Science > Chapter 1 - Materials > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Neutron charge, mass, location

A

Neutral, 1, nucleus

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2
Q

Electron charge, mass, location

A

Negative, 0, orbiting in shells

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3
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons

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4
Q

Atomic mass

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Electron shell numbers

A

1st: 2, next two shells: 8

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6
Q

Metal properties

A

Ductile, lustrous, malleable, conductive, solid (except mercury)

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7
Q

Non-Metal properties

A

Dull, brittle, poor conductors, usually a liquid or gas

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8
Q

Pure metals

A

A metal in its purest form, made of only 1 element and is soft. Eg: Aluminium

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9
Q

Alloys definition

A

An impure substance of a mix of two or more metals. Eg: brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc. It’s used to make money and musical instruments

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10
Q

Advantages of alloys

A

Alloys are usually an improvement from their base metal as metals in their purest form can be too soft and easy to break, therefore, mixing the, with other elements stringer and more durable metals

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11
Q

Bronze properties and uses

A

95% Cu, 5% Zn used for statutes, ornaments and bells. Properties: looks good, sonorous (rings when struck), harder than brass, stronger than copper

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12
Q

Duralumin properties and uses

A

96% Al, 4% Cu, traces of Mg and Mn. Used for aircraft frames. Properties: very light, stronger than its base metal (aluminium)

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13
Q

Cupronickel

A

75% Cu, 25% Ni. Used for silver coins (5,10,20 and 50 cents). Properties: hard wearing, looks like silver

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14
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that releases hydrogen ions into an aqueous solution (containing water). Eg: hydrochloric acid in your stomach, ethanoic acid in vinegar

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15
Q

Properties of acids

A

Corrosive, sour taste, turns blue litmus paper red, reacts with some metals releasing hydrogen and leaving salt behind, conduct electricity, neutralised by bases, producing water and salt

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16
Q

Polyatomic Ion

A

An ion which is a charged group of atoms eg hydroxide

17
Q

What is a base

A

A substance that releases hydroxide ions and if it can be dissolved in water than it is an alkali

18
Q

Properties of Bases

A

Caustic, have a soapy/slimy feel, turn red litmus paper blue, have a bitter taste, conduct electricity, are neutralised by acids producing water and salt

19
Q

pH

A

pH is a measure of acidity and alkalinity. If the substance is more acidic there are more hydrogen ions and if it is an alkaline solution it has more hydroxide ions. Pure water is in the middle so has equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions and has a pH of 7 on the scale of 1-14

20
Q

Proton charge, mass, location

A

Positive, 1, located in the nucleus

21
Q

Democritus

A

460 BC, matter is made of ‘indivisible’ particles. Extremely small solid particles make up everything. Solid Sphere as model (one of the perfect shapes

22
Q

Dalton

A

1808, refined democritus’ theory. Made a list of the known elements and calculated weights and properties. (Same model as Democritus)

23
Q

J.J Thompson

A

-1903. After discovery of electrons, proposed plum pudding model. Positively charged pudding embedding with negatively charged electrons

24
Q

Rutherford

A
  1. Gold foil experiment. Small dense nucleus with electrons orbiting like planets. Solar system model, planetary model. Majority of atom empty space
25
Q

Bohr

A
  1. Electrons orbit nucleus in defined pathways with definite (quantised) energy levels (like the shells)
26
Q

Chadwick

A
  1. Changed the model to include newly discovered neutrons found in the nucleus. Model is what we know today
27
Q

Neutralisation reaction

A

Acid + base —> salt and water

28
Q

Neutralisation examples

A

Hcl + NaOH —> NaCl + H2O

Hydrochloric acid+sodium hydroxide —> sodium chloride+water

29
Q

Need for new materials

A

Developed because there is a need for them. Either social, ethical or environmental need

30
Q

Social need for materials

A

Manufacture and development of materials provides work and income. Allows companies to make money

31
Q

Ethical Needs for Materials

A

Ethical is whether something is right or wrong. It is the right decision to develop technologies to make people’s lives easier and healthier

32
Q

Ethical need for materials examples

A

Metals for artificial limbs. Stents made from nitinol which expands when heated and keeps arteries open which are at risk of bursting

33
Q

Environmental needs for materials

A

Developed because they are better for the environment

34
Q

Environmental needs for materials examples

A

Biodegradable plastics that are able to decompose and create a cleaner environment

35
Q

Hydroxide formula

A

OH-

36
Q

Carbonate formula

A

Co2-3

37
Q

Sulfate

A

SO2-4

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