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Neurology > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts/medullary pyramids?

A

Motor fibres for the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts (pyramidal tracts) which pair as white matter structures (medullary pyramids)

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2
Q

What are the peduncles?

A

Elongated stalks of tissue that connect structures of the brain

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3
Q

What are the red nuclei?

A

The red nucleus is one of the brainstem nuclei and part of the extrapyramidal system. They are situated within the tegmentum of the midbrain. Involved in coordination of muscle tone, body position and gait

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4
Q

What are the substantia nigra?

A

Pat of the midbrain, the substantia nigra is an important player in brain function, in particular, in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction. It is closely linked to the striatum

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5
Q

What are the colliculi?

A

Make up the corpora quadregemina - reflex centres involving hearing and balance. Two superior two inferior. Superior - preliminary visual processing, control of eye movements Inferior - auditory processing

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6
Q

What is the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

The largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is involved in motor control. It is a major source of input to the cerebellum. The hypoglossal nucleus sends its fibers ventrally between the pyramid and inferior olivary nucleus to exit as the hypoglossal nerve

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7
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A set of interconnected nuclei located throughout the brainstem

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8
Q

What are the two key functions of the cerebellum?

A

Maintain posture

Fine tune motor activity

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9
Q

How can signals reach the cerebellum?

A

Information from pyramidal tracts - motor intention of the brain
Information from the ipsilateral proprioceptors
Information from vestibular nuclei(in the vestibule) re balance and posture

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10
Q

What are the three main components of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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11
Q

What does the brainstem contain?

A

CN III-XII, tracts from spinal cord, vital centres e.g. cardiorespiratory centre

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12
Q

Generally speaking, what do the brainstem centres govern?

A

The rigidly programmed automatic behaviours essential for survival

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13
Q

With how many of the cranial nerves is the brainstem involved?

A

10

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14
Q

From where does the medulla develop?

A

Hindbrain vesicle

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15
Q

What is the cavity of the medulla also known as?

A

The IV ventricle

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16
Q

At what point do the medullary pyramids cross over?

A

The decussation (at the lower limit of the pyramids)

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17
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the surface of the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI & XII

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18
Q

What structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum?

A

The inferior cerebellar peduncle

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19
Q

From where does the pons develop?

A

Mentencephalon part of the hindbrain vesicle

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20
Q

What structure is the pons anterior to?

A

The IV ventricle

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21
Q

What peduncle is present on the surface of the pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

22
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the surface of the pons?

A

V, VI, VII & VIII

23
Q

From where does the midbrain originate?

A

The mesencephalon

24
Q

What is the name of the central cavity of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

25
Q

What peduncles are present on the surface of the midbrain?

A

The cerebral peduncle, superior cerebellar peduncle

26
Q

Which cranial nerves originate in the midbrain?

A

III, IV

27
Q

What is unique about the trochlear nerve (IV) in relation to the brainstem?

A

It is the only nerve to originate posteriorly

28
Q

What is the function of the central cavity, by what name is it also known, in which part of the brainstem does it reside?

A

It connects the III & IV ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, midbrain

29
Q

What is the cerebral peduncle?

A

Made up of the tegmentum and the cerebral crus of the midbrain

30
Q

What are the two parts of the cerebellar white matter?

A

Arbor vitae, cerebellar peduncles

31
Q

What are the two parts of the cerebellar grey matter?

A

Cortex on the surface, deep nuclei

32
Q

What separated the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

The Vermis

33
Q

What lobes are present in both hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior, posterior, flocculondular lobes

34
Q

What are present on the surface of the cerebellum?

A

Sulci and folia

35
Q

What are the two main functions of the cerebellum?

A

Posture maintenance

Fine tuning motor activity

36
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive its information from?

A

Pyramidal tracts
Ipsilateral proprioceptors from periphery
Vestibular nuclei re balance and posture

37
Q

What is ataxia?

A

A loss of full control of body movements, abnormality affecting cerebellum

38
Q

Tests for ataxia?

A

Finger - nose test, knee - heel test, walking in a straight line

39
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary, epithalamus (pineal gland). All are mainly grey matter

40
Q

From where does the diencephalon develop?

A

The diencephalic vesicle - part of the forebrain vesicle

41
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

Deep within the cerebral hemispheres, around the III vesicle

42
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A sensory relay station, an egg shaped body on either side of III ventricle, around 80% of diencephalon

43
Q

What does the thalamus consist of?

A

Mainly groups of nuclei - anterior medial lateral. Lateral group are involved in sensory processing

44
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The main visceral control centre and essential for overall homeostasis

45
Q

What separates the hypothalamus from the thalamus?

A

The hypothalamic sulcus

46
Q

What are the homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus? (six)

A 
Autonomic control centre
Body temperature regulation
Regulation of food intake
Regulation of water balance and thirst
Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
Control of endocrine system functioning
47
Q

What are the main arteries supplying the brain?

A

The two ICAs via the carotid canal (foramen lacerum) and the two vertebral arteries via the foramen magnum

48
Q

What artery is formed when the two vertebral arteries meet?

A

The basilar artery. The vertebra-basilar system gives branches that supply the brainstem and cerebellum

49
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A

Branches of the ICAs joining with branches of the PCA (branch of the basilar artery) to form a continuous circle at the base of the brain

50
Q

What protective role does the Circle of Willis serve?

A

Protects against vast-occlusion of large arteries and resulting ischaemia. However, the arteries supplying the circle are end arteries and occlusion in these vessels beyond the circle will result in ischaemia

51
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the brain

A

Superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into venous sinuses which lie between 2 layers of dura matter

52
Q

Describe the fate of the dural venous sinuses

A

They join together, ultimately draining into the IJVs

Neurology (42 decks)

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