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Neurology > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory fibres located? What type of neuron are they?

A

Outside the CNS, pseudounipolar

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2
Q

Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor (efferent) fibres located?

A

Inside the CNS

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3
Q

Where are the cell bodies of autonomic motor (afferent) fibres located?

A

One in and one out of the CNS

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4
Q

What nerve is responsible for smell?

A

Olfactory - I

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5
Q

What nerve is responsible for vision (sensory)

A

Optic - II

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6
Q

What nerves are responsible for eye movement?

A

Oculomotor - III
Trochlear - IV
Abducent - VI

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7
Q

What nerve is responsible for sensation of the face and mouth and responsible for the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal - V

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8
Q

What nerve is responsible for the muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic innervation of the face and taste?

A

Facial - VII

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9
Q

What nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?

A

Vestibulocochlear - VIII

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10
Q

What nerve is responsible for swallowing, tongue sensation?

A

Glossopharyngeal - IX

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11
Q

What nerve is responsible for the muscles of the throat and the visceral senses?

A

Vagus - X

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12
Q

What nerve is responsible for the soft palate, throat and neck motor function?

A

Accessory spinal - XI

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13
Q

What nerve responsible for the movement of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal - XII

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14
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the olfactory nerve?

A

Sensory

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15
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the optic nerve?

A

Sensory

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16
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the oculomotor nerve?

A

Motor

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17
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the trochlear nerve?

A

Motor

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18
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the trigeminal nerve?

A

Mixed

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19
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the abducent nerve?

A

Motor

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20
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the facial nerve?

A

Mixed

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21
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Sensory

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22
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Mixed

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23
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the vagus nerve?

A

Mixed

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24
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the accessory spinal nerve?

A

Motor

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25
Q

What type of fibres are carried by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Motor

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26
Q

Describe the pathway of the olfactory nerve

A

Fibres pass through the foraminifera in the cribriform plate of ethmoid, enter olfactory bulb in anterior cranial fossa

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27
Q

What are the components of the olfactory nerve?

A

Special sensory - smell

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28
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cribriform plate in relation to the olfactory nerve?

A

It may tear the fibres, causing anosmia

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29
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of smell

30
Q

Describe the pathway of the optic nerve

A

Enters via optic canal, nerves join to form optic chiasm, fibres from medial half of each retina cross to form optic tract

31
Q

What are the components of the optic nerve?

A

Special sensory - vision

32
Q

What is the clinical significance of an increase in CSF in relation to the optic nerve?

A

Can cause papilloedema

33
Q

What is the result of sectioning of the right optic nerve?

A

Blindness of right eye

34
Q

What is the result of sectioning of the optic chiasm?

A

Loss of peripheral vision

35
Q

What is the result of sectioning of the right optic tract?

A

Blindness in left temporal and right nasal fields

36
Q

Describe the pathway of the oculomotor nerve

A

Emerges from the midbrain, exits via the superior orbital fissure

37
Q

What are the components of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Somatic motor - extra ocular muscles - not lateral!, eyelid

Visceral motor - parasympathetic to pupil for constriction and ciliary body for accomodation

38
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of oculomotor problems?

A

Ptosis - drooping of the upper eyelid
Eyeball abducted and pointing down
No pupillary reflex
No accommodation of the lens

39
Q

What is the pathway of the trochlear nerve?

A

Emerges from dorsal surface of midbrain, exits via superior orbital fissure

40
Q

What are the components of the trochlear nerve?

A

Somatic motor - extra ocular muscle

41
Q

What is a clinical feature of trochlear abnormality?

A

Diplopia when looking down

42
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vision

43
Q

Describe the pathway of the abducent nerve

A

Emerges between pons and medulla, exits via superior orbital fissure

44
Q

What are the components of the abducent nerve?

A

Somatic motor - extra ocular muscle

45
Q

What is a clinical feature of abducent abnormality?

A

Medial deviation of the affected eye causing diplopia

46
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

47
Q

Describe the pathway of the ophthalmic branch

A

Emerges from pons, travels through trigeminal ganglion, exits via superior orbital fissure

48
Q

What are the components of the ophthalmic branch?

A

General sensory - cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses

49
Q

Describe the pathway of the maxillary nerve

A

Emerges from pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the foramen rotundum

50
Q

What are the components of the maxillary branch?

A

General sensory - from face over maxilla, maxillary teeth, TMJ, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate

51
Q

Describe the pathway of the mandibular branch

A

Emerges from pons, travels through trigeminal ganglion, exits via foramen ovale

52
Q

What are the components of the mandibular division?

A

General sensory - from face over mandible, mandibular teeth, TMJ, mucosa of mouth and anterior 2/3 of tongue

53
Q

What are some clinical results of maxillary branch abnormality?

A

Paralysis of the muscles of mastication
Loss of corneal or sneezing reflex
Loss of sensation in the face
Trigeminal neuralgia

54
Q

Describe the pathway of the facial nerve

A

Emerges between pons and medulla, exits via internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen

55
Q

What are the components of the facial nerve?

A

Somatic motor - muscles of facial expression and scalp, stapedius of middle ear, part of digastric muscle
Visceral motor - para innervation of submandibular & sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal glands, glands of nose and palate
Special sensory - taste from anterior 2/3rd of tongue and soft palate
General sensory - from external acoustic meatus

56
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of facial nerve abnormality?

A

Is the most commonly injured cranial nerve due to long pathway through bone
Bell’s palsy - cannot frown, close eyelid or bare teeth

57
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Inability to frown, close eyelid or bare teeth due to facial nerve injury

58
Q

Describe the pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Emerges from between pins and medulla, exits via internal acoustic meatus, dividing into vestibular & cochlear nerves

59
Q

What are the components of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Special sensory - vestibular sensation from semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule gives sense of position and movements
General sensory - hearing from spinal organ

60
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of vestibulocochlear nerve abnormality?

A

Tinitus - ringing in the ears
Deafness - conductive vs sensorineural
Vertigo - loss of balance
Nystagmus - involuntary rapid eye movements

61
Q

Describe the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Emerges from the medulla, exits via jugular foramen

62
Q

What are the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Special sensory - taste from posterior third of the tongue
General sensory - cutaneous sensations from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
Visceral sensory - sensation from carotid body and carotid sinus
Visceral motor - para innervation of parotid gland
Somatic motor - to stylopharyngeus, helps with swallowing

63
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of glossopharyngeal nerve abnormalities?

A

Loss of gag reflex and taste from back of the tongue

Associated with injuries to CN X and XI - jugular foramen syndrome

64
Q

Describe the pathway of the vagus nerve

A

Emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen, then throughout much of body

65
Q

What are the components of the vagus nerve?

A

Special sensory - taste from epiglottis and palate
General sensory - sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus
Visceral sensory - from pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, intestine
Visceral motor - para innervation to muscle in bronchi, gut, heart
Somatic motor - to pharynx, larynx, palate and oesophagus

66
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of vagus nerve abnormalities?

A

Damage to pharyngeal branches causing difficulty swallowing

Damage to laryngeal branches causing difficulty speaking

67
Q

Describe the pathway of the spinal accessory nerve

A

The small cranial (medulla) and large spinal roots exit via jugular foramen

68
Q

What are the components of the accessory nerve?

A

Somatic motor - striated muscle of the soft palate, pharynx and larynx, SCM and trapezius

69
Q

What is a clinical manifestation of accessory nerve abnormality?

A

Weakness in head and shrugging shoulder

70
Q

Describe the pathway of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Emerges from medulla, exits via hypoglossal canal

71
Q

What are the components of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Somatic motor - muscles of tongue

72
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of hypoglossal nerve abnormalities?

A

Vulnerable to damage during tonsillectomy, causes paralysis and trophy of ipsilateral half of tongue. Tip deviates towards affected side

Neurology (42 decks)

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