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Neural Control of Movement > Lecture 21: Posture > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Posture Flashcards

1
Q

an inverted pendulum in the field of gravity

A

Posture

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2
Q

Maintenance of body alignment and spatial orientation in order to put the body in a position to enable effective movement

A

Postural control

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3
Q

Sources of Problems

A
  • High Center of Mass
  • Multiple Joints
  • Small support area (1 square foot)
  • Stability
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4
Q

A position that is resistant to disturbance or returns to its natural state after disturbance

A

Stability

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5
Q

Sway increases under these conditions:

A
  • closed eyes (one needs a reference frame)
  • standing on a narrow support
  • age, disorder, injury
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6
Q

Sway decreases under these conditions

A
  • light finger touch (to virtually any part of the body)

- holding an object connected to the external world

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7
Q

Two different processes that you can do with Sway

A

Supraspinal Process (RAMBLING) and Subspinal Process (TREMBLING)

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8
Q

Migration of the reference point, with respect to which equilibrium is instantly maintained; likely a reflection of a central search process

A

Rambling (Supraspinal Process)

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9
Q

Likely a reflection of the mechanical properties of the effectors and reflex loops

A

Trembling (Subspinal Process)

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10
Q

The body oscillates about a reference point, which the reference point ____.

A

nitrates for reasons that are not well understood

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11
Q

_______ is one of the least prominent senses.

A

Sense of Balance

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12
Q

They are innervated by the peripheral ends of bipolar sensory neurons in the ampullary nerve.

A

Vestibular hair cells

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13
Q

The ampullary crest is covered by a gelatinous, diaphragm-like mass called the _____.

A

capula

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14
Q

sensitive to angular acceleration of the head

A

semicircular

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15
Q

The fluid in the semicircular canals move when ____.

A

the head rotates

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16
Q

the fluid acts on ___ and displaces the hair cells, which generate APs.

A

cupula.

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17
Q

sensitive to linear acceleration of the head

A

Otoliths.

18
Q

In the utricle, a portion of the floor is ___.

A

thickened and contains hair receptors

19
Q

Otoliths: The zone is called the ______.

A

macula.

20
Q

Macula is covered with a gelatinous substance containing.

A

crystals of calcium carbonate.

21
Q

When you tilt your head or accelerate in a certain direction, the ______ deform the gelatinous surface, which bends the hair cells (generate APs)

A

otoliths

22
Q

Vestibular Nuclei occupy a large part of the _____.

A

medulla

23
Q

If a standing subject looks at a screen that displays a certain pattern, an accelerated movement of the pattern toward the subject induces ____.

A

a sensation of moving forward and a corresponding backward sway of the body

24
Q

What’s necessary to maintain posture?

A
  • Adequate perception of a reference point or reference vertical
  • Timely generation of appropriate muscle torques
  • Control of Posture under external and internal pertubations
25
Q

PP: Many different of postural perturbations, some caused by ______.

A

our own movements

26
Q

PP: Many voluntary movements are associated with changes in the activity of postural muscles, even _____ the movement begins.

A

before.

27
Q

PP: These anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) are to ___________.

A

minimize perturbations to vertical posture.

28
Q

less than 0 ms

A

APAs

29
Q

0 ms

A

Muscle Elasticity

30
Q

30 ms

Poorly controlled

A

Monosynaptic reflex

31
Q

50 ms

Low gain

A

Polysynaptic Reflex

32
Q

70 ms

Approximate correction

A

Programmed Rn

33
Q

150 ms

late

A

Voluntary Action

34
Q

Anticipatory Postural Adjustments: A fast arm movement by a standing person is a source of strong postural perturbation because of the __________.

A

joint coupling

35
Q

Anticipatory Postural Adjustments: A fast shoulder flexion creates ______ that try to tilt the body backwards.

A

reactive torques

36
Q

the start of acceleration of the focal motion

A

time zero

37
Q

APAs are generated ____ a perturbation

A

prior to

38
Q

The perturbation needs to be _______.

A

predictable

39
Q

The perturbation needs to be associated with ____ by the person (not always).

A

an action

40
Q

APAs produce _______ acting against the expected pertubation

A

forces/torques

41
Q

APAs are always ____.

A

suboptimal

Neural Control of Movement (24 decks)

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