Chapter 9 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Chronically Undernourished

A

Those people whose diet doesn’t provide the 2,200 cal per day, on average, considered necessary for a health productive life

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2
Q

Food Security

A

The ability of individuals to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis

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3
Q

Obese

A

Generally considered to be a body mass greater than 30kg/m2, or roughly 30 pounds above normal for an average person

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4
Q

Malnourishment

A

Nutritional imbalance caused by lack of specific dietary components or inability to absorb or utilize essential nutrients

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5
Q

Anemia

A

Low levels of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency or lack of red blood cells

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6
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

A widespread human protein deficiency disease resulting form a starch diet low in protein and essential amino acids

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7
Q

Marasmus

A

A widespread human protein deficiency disease caused by a diet low in calories and protein or imbalanced in essential amino acids

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8
Q

Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)

A

Facilities in which large numbers of animals spend most or all of their life in confinement

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9
Q

Aquaculture

A

Growing aquatic species in net pens or tanks

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10
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Laboratory manipulation of genetic material using molecular biology techniques to create desired characteristics in organisms

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11
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)

A

Organisms whose genetic code has been altered by artificial means such as interspecies gene transfer

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12
Q

Soil Erosion

A

After plowing/harvesting, loose soil is
easily blown away by wind or washed away by rain.
Excessive irrigation causes greater runoff and depletes
aquifers. Soil is considered renewable, however, it takes a
great amount of time

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13
Q

Soil Conservation Stratagies

A

Methods to reduce soil erosion

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14
Q

Deforestation

A

Removal of forests in order to clear land
for growing crops. Many negative impacts on ecology:
destroys habitats, reduces groundcover, dries out soil,
increases soil erosion, eliminates a carbon reservoir

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15
Q

Fertilizer Runoff

A

Causes nutrient pollution which may

lead to cultural eutrophication and hypoxia

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16
Q

Desertification

A

Occurs in areas near deserts, farming

dries out soil and expands the desert area

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17
Q

Soil Salinization

A

Occurs in dry climates receiving excessive irrigation. Dissolved salts accumulate in the soil. Eventually too salty for crop growth.

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18
Q

Waterlogging

A

In areas with a high water table, excessive

irrigation raises level to submerge roots

19
Q

Pest

A

Any living thing that competes with humans for food

20
Q

Herbicides

A

Control weeds

21
Q

Fungicides

A

Control fungus

22
Q

Rodenticides

A

Control rodents

23
Q

Insecticides

A

Control insects

24
Q

Broad Spectrum Pesticides

A

Kill many different species; an environmental problem because the “good” species are killed with the “bad”
Examples:
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, Dieldrin)
Organophosphates (Malathion, Parathion)

25
Q

Narrow Spectrum Pesticiedes

A

Only kill a target species, such as “ant killer”

26
Q

Pesticide Treadmill

A

Following an application of pesticide, most target
pests will die. The survivors already have some
genetic resistance. The survivors reproduce and pass
their resistance to their young. The farmer will have
to apply greater concentrations on this generation
for the same effect. This process continues until the
pesticide is no longer effective

27
Q

IPM

A

Integrated Pest Management

28
Q

Factory Farm

A

A large-scale animal confinement operation. Hundreds, thousands, or millions of animals are housed together, fattened quickly with antibiotics and growth hormones

29
Q

CAFO

A

Confined Animal Feeding Operations

30
Q

Long-line Fishing

A

Up to 80 miles of fishing line is strung out with thousands of baited hooks attached and then hauled in. Used to catch
swordfish, tuna and shark

31
Q

Purse Seine Fishing

A

Net is thrown over a large school of fish, then closed like a purse and pulled back on the ship

32
Q

Bycatch

A

Other species are accidentally caught and killed such as sea turtles, dolphins and sea birds

33
Q

Drift-net Fishing

A

Net is set to hang down in the water (up to 50 feet below) and extend for miles. These nets catch large numbers of non-target species, especially turtles and dolphins

34
Q

Trawler Fishing

A

Large metal chain baskets holding nets are dragged across the ocean floor scouring the bottom for shrimp, scallops, flounder, etc. Damages bottom formations

35
Q

Soil

A

Composed of a complex mixture of weathered rock, partially decomposed organic material, and organisms

36
Q

Soil Horizons

A

The horizontal layers the soil forms into

37
Q

Soil Profile

A

A cross-section of soil horizons or
layers. Most of the living organisms are found near
the top of the profile

38
Q

O Horizon

A

Surface soil, contains partially decomposed plant material

and/or leaf litter

39
Q

A Horizon

A

Topsoil, mineral-containing weathered rock material and organic matter (humus)

40
Q

B Horizon

A

Subsoil, less organic material and more mineral particles

41
Q

C Horizon

A

Weathered parent material on top of bedrock

42
Q

Soil Triangle

A

Used to determine textural classes of soil based on the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in the soil

43
Q

Goiter

A

Condition that occurs as a result of a diet
low in iodine. A swollen neck develops because the
thyroid gland enlarges

44
Q

Vitamin A Definciency

A

Children will be more susceptible to infectious disease and blindness