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APES: A Global Concern > Chapter 17: Water Use and Management > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Water Use and Management Flashcards

1
Q

What fraction of the world’s population live without access to adequate fresh water supplies?

A

1/3

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2
Q

How many people live without access to safe drinking water according to the United Nations?

A

1 billion

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3
Q

In how many years is the number of people living without fresh water supposed to double?

A

25 years

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4
Q

Florida Water Wars

A

Term used to describe the increasing concern of southern Florida’s need of more fresh water and the desire to
take it from northern Florida.

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5
Q

What is the driving force of the hydrologic cycle?

A

Solar energy

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6
Q

Since solar energy is greatest around the tropics, the rate of what is also great?

A

The rate of evaporation/transpiration as well as the rate of
precipitation

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7
Q

How many districts of water management are in Florida?

A

10 districts

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8
Q

What district is Union county in?

A

Suwannee River District

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9
Q

How many primary factors control global deficits and surpluses are there?

A

3

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10
Q

What are the primary factors control global deficits and surpluses?

A
  1. Atmospheric circulation creates regions of
    persistent high pressure and low rainfall.
    These same air patterns produce frequent
    rainfall near the equator.
  2. Proximity to water sources influences
    precipitation.
  3. Topography such as mountains influence
    cloud formation. Windward side is usually wet,
    leeward side is dry (rain shadow).
    *Human activity can impact the cycle.
    Deforestation reduces transpiration.
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11
Q

Residence Time

A

Length of time water stays in a compartment.

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12
Q

How many years does the average water molecule stay in the ocean?

A

About 3,000 years

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13
Q

What percent of Earth’s liquid water do oceans hold?

A

97%

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14
Q

Ocean’s hold what percent of Earth’s living biomass?

A

90%

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15
Q

What do oceans moderate?

A

Earth’s global temperatures

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16
Q

“Global currents transfer ___ and ____ waters throughout the oceans.”

A

Cold; Warm

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17
Q

What is an example of the transfer of cold and warm waters?

A

Florida’s Gulf Coast

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18
Q

What percent of water on Earth is fresh?

A

2.4%

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19
Q

What percent of that fresh water is frozen?

A

90%

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20
Q

Earth’s largest glaciers are found where?

A

In Antarctica and Greenland

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21
Q

Infiltration

A

When water trickles down through earth’s sediments

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22
Q

Recharge Zones

A

Are areas where infiltration of water into aquifers occurs.

Some aquifers hold large volumes of water.

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23
Q

How are rivers measured?

A

Based on water discharge

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24
Q

Water Discharge

A

The amount of water passing a given point in a given time

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25
Q

What is the largest river in the world?

A

Amazon

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26
Q

What is the largest river in the U.S?

A

Mississippi

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27
Q

What is the largest river in Africa?

A

Congo

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28
Q

What is the largest river in China?

A

Yangtze

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29
Q

Lakes

A

Inland depressions holding standing water.

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30
Q

How do wetlands help the hydrologic cycle?

A

They hold back surface water and allow greater time for infiltration and groundwater recharge.

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31
Q

Renewable Water Supplies

A

Made of surface runoff and infiltration into aquifers.

32
Q

Water Scarcity

A

Occurs when water demand exceeds availability or water is poor quality.

33
Q

Water Stress

A

Occurs when renewable water supply is inadequate for an ecosystem increasing competition. Happens more in poor
countries.

34
Q

Droughts are ______

A

Cyclical; Moves in a cycle

35
Q

Withdrawal

A

Total amount of water taken from any source for any purpose.

36
Q

Consumption

A

Fraction of withdrawn water that is lost and no longer available.

37
Q

Degraded Water

A

Water that has been polluted or heated so that it is unsuitable for use.

38
Q

Water use is growing ____ as fast as the population.

A

Twice

39
Q

How many major water consumers are there?

A

3

40
Q

What are the major water consumers?

A

Agriculture
Domestic
Industrial

41
Q

What major water consumer is taking up the most water?

A

Agriculture; 85%

42
Q

What is most of the water used for in agriculture?

A

Irrigation

43
Q

What is an example of poorly used water in agriculture?

A

Aral Sea over 30 year period (page 380)

44
Q

What are the three leading domestic uses of water?

A

Toilet flushing followed by bathwater and laundry/dishes are the leading domestic uses.

45
Q

What percent of water usage do each of the water uses in domestic use?

A 
Toilet flushing; 38%
Bathing; 31%
Laundry and Dishes; 20%
Drinking and cooking; 6%
Brushing Teeth; 5%
46
Q

How many people in the world lack access to safe drinking water?

A

1 billion

47
Q

What areas have the most problems with getting fresh water?

A

Africa and the Middle East

48
Q

What are the two ways water gets into the atmosphere?

A

Evaporation and transpiration

49
Q

How many people die annually because of water-related diseases?

A

5 million

50
Q

What fraction of the world has to get water outside their house?

A

2/3

51
Q

What is Union county’s major aquifer?

A

Floridan

52
Q

Midwest Aquifer(Texas to North Dakota)

A

Ogalalla

53
Q

What three problems result from groundwater depletion?

A

Subsidence, sinkholes, and saltwater intrusion

54
Q

Subsidence

A

Land drops in elevation

55
Q

Sinkholes

A

Top of an underground cavern collapses

56
Q

Saltwater Intrusion

A

Lateral recharge leads to saltwater contamination of coastal aquifers

57
Q

What country is an example of a country that has to have water diverted to support life?

A

China

58
Q

What state is getting water diverted to it in the U.S?

A

California

59
Q

What river in the Western U.S. is shrinking?

A

Klamath

60
Q

What sea did the Colorado River used to reach?

A

Sea of Cortez

61
Q

What are 4 major problems with dams?

A
  1. breaking dams cause sudden flooding
  2. they can displace people and disrupt ecosystems
  3. they kill fish(migratory paths for spawning blocked)
  4. sedimentation collected from river can fill channel
62
Q

What are the two dams in the U.S. along the Colorado River?

A
  1. Hoover Dam

2. Glen Canyon Dam

63
Q

What lake does the Hoover Dam make?

A

Lake Mead

64
Q

What lake does the Glen Canyon Dam make?

A

Lake Powell

65
Q

Three Gorges Dam

A

On the Yangtze River in China, world’s largest hydroelectric dam. Completed in 2006.

66
Q

Aswan High Dam

A

On the Nile River in Egypt, forms Lake Nasser. It is hydroelectric. Completed in 1970.

67
Q

What are the 3 famous water diversion projects?

A

Aral Sea, California Water Transfer Project, China’s Water Transfer Project

68
Q

Aral Sea

A

In the former Soviet Union, since the 1960’s the volume of the sea has been rapidly declining due to diversion for irrigation accompanied by drought

69
Q

California Water Transfer Project

A

Uses pumps, aqueducts and dams to move large quantities of water from Northern to Southern California.

70
Q

China’s Water Transfer Project

A

Construction continues today to transfer water to Beijing from the southern Yangtze river basin.

71
Q

Irrigation practices are improved by what two practices?

A

1: Drip irrigation rather than flood irrigation
2: Center Pivot

72
Q

Drip Irrigation

A

Delivers smaller quantities of water reducing evaporation; improves efficiency by 95%. More costly to set up but produces higher crop yields.

73
Q

Center Pivot

A

Uses low pressure sprinklers and increases efficiency by 80%.

74
Q

What are 7 other ideas to reduce the amount of water wasted by irrigation?

A

1: Irrigate crops with treated wastewater.
2: Irrigate at night to reduce evaporation.
3: Don’t grow crops in dry climates that require lots
of water!
4: Increase government subsidies for conservation
irrigation practices.
5: Use soil moisture monitors, only irrigate when
necessary.
6: Harvest rainwater for small fields (developing
countries)
7: Increase use of polycultures over monocultures.

75
Q

What are 6 practices to that can be used by industrial and domestic plants?

A

1: Fix leaks in pipes and water mains
2: Increase the price of water
3: Require the use of water meters
4: Recycle water used in industrial processes
5: Low-flow showerheads
6: Low-volume toilets

76
Q

Where is most of the water in America used for?

A 
Toilet flushing; 38%
Bathing; 31%
Laundry and Dishes; 20%
Drinking and Cooking; 6%
Brushing Teeth, etc..; 5%
77
Q

How many people, according to the United Nations do not have adequate sanitation?

A

2.6 billion

APES: A Global Concern (45 decks)

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