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Nutrition > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

what increases the likelihood of a preterm or LBW infant?

A

-maternal underweight status and or poor maternal weight gain

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2
Q

what does maternal overweight or obese status lead to?

A

increased risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and difficult deliveries

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3
Q

what are maternal weight gain recommendations based on?

A

pre pregnancy BMI with underweight women encouraged to gain more and vice versa
-recommended gain during the first trimester is significantly less than the second and third

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4
Q

when is weight gain the most important during pregnancy

A
  • third trimester

- energy expenditures are increased

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5
Q

what can pregnancy be adversely effected by in the diet

A
  • high dose vitamin A
  • alcohol
  • excessive caffeine
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6
Q

what can prenatal nutrition effect

A
  • fetal programming which affects the development of chronic diseases later in life
  • low birth weight is associated with obesity later in life
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7
Q

micronutrient requirements during pregnancy

A
  • some increase (iron and zinc)
  • some don’t change (vitamin D and calcium)
  • the absorption of calcium, iron, and zinc improves during pregnancy
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8
Q

how do vegans and vegetarians meet requirements during pregnancy

A

-supplementation

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9
Q

which foods should be avoided during pregnancy

A
  • high listeria risk

- high mercury

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10
Q

needs during lactation

A

-higher energy and protein

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11
Q

micronutrient needs during lactation

A
  • same as in pregnancy except there is a decrease in the need for iron and folate
  • however it is recommended that mothers still take iron supplements in order to replete their iron stores
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12
Q

what are the benefits of breast feeding

A
  • physical, emotional, convenience, and financial benefits for the mother
  • nutritional and health benefits for the infant
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13
Q

how long should breast feeding happen

A

-for the first 6 months but recommended for 12

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14
Q

maternal nutrition and lactation

A

-if nutrition is inadequate than milk production could be decreased and in poor quality

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15
Q

colostrum

A
  • the first fluid expressed from breast milk

- thick and high in proteins and immunoglobulins

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16
Q

compositional changes of breast milk

A
  • foremilk (early) contains more lactose
  • hindmilk (late) contains more fat
  • low in vitamin D and iron, although the iron in breast milk is highly bioavailable
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17
Q

contrindication to breast feeding

A
  • HIV infection
  • galactosemia
  • substance abuse
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18
Q

what is the best marker of nutritional status in children

A

-growth

19
Q

what is the first thing to be affected by malnutrtion

A

-weight

20
Q

how fast should birthweight double

A

4 to 6 months of age

21
Q

what is a good longterm indicator

A

-height because it is effected by long term malnutrtion

22
Q

what is the least sensitive measurement of nutritional status

A
  • head circumference

- it is the last to be affected by malnutrition

23
Q

underweight

A
  • low weight for age

- recent acute illness or is genetic

24
Q

wasting

A
  • low weight for the height
  • more severe recent acute illness
  • can increase mortality
25
Q

stunting

A
  • low height for the age

- chronic malnutrtion or genetic

26
Q

what is the fastest growth stage in the life cycle

A

infancy

27
Q

what is the major energy source for infancy

A

-fat

28
Q

what vitamin sup is recommended for breast fed infants

A

-vitamin D

29
Q

when are infants ready for solid food

A

4 to 6 months of age

-however breast milk should remain the primary source of nutrients for the first year of life

30
Q

what is recommended for a first solid food

A

iron supplemented solid since iron stores are depleted after 4 to 6 months

31
Q

when should cows milk be introduced

A

-after the first year of life

32
Q

what should be avoided in infancy

A

honey and corn syrup

33
Q

failure to thrive (FTT)

A
  • infants who fail to gain weight or they lose weight
  • can be due to medical organic or non organic reasons
  • often due to inadequate intake, absorption, or excessive metabolic demands
34
Q

how do you address and assess FTT

A

study the meal times or feedings, including caretaker-child interactions

35
Q

when does appetite decrease

A

-after one year of life

36
Q

appetite and intake variability

A

-varies over the short term but not so much over the long term

37
Q

common childhood nutrition related concerns

A
  • iron deficiency
  • dental caries
  • obesity
38
Q

overweight child

A

greater than 85%ile of BMI for age

39
Q

obese child

A

greater than 95%ile BMI for age

40
Q

severely obese child

A

greater than 99%ile BMI for age

41
Q

ways to curb childhood obesity

A
42
Q

adolescent growth spurt

A
  • both boys and girls have an increased energy and nutrient requirement to support growth and maturation
  • this group is heavily influenced by peers
43
Q

where are disorders most common

A

-in the adolescent female population

44
Q

female athlete triad

A
  • disordered eating
  • amenorrhea
  • osteoperosis

Nutrition (18 decks)

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