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NUTR 2050 Final > Toddlers and Preschoolers > Flashcards

Toddlers and Preschoolers Flashcards

1
Q

Toddler

A

Between the ages of 1-3 years

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2
Q

What is the toddler stage characterized by?

A

Rapid increase in gross and fine motor skills

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3
Q

Preschoolers

A

Between the ages of 3 and 5 years

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4
Q

What is the preschoolers stage characterized by?

A

increasing autonomy, broader social circumstances, increasing language skills, expanding self control

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5
Q

Recommended weaning age

A

12-24 months

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6
Q

What might early weaning result in?

A

impaired growth (due to reduced calories) and/or constipation (from low fluid intake)

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7
Q

What might late weaning result in?

A

problems with feeding and speech development

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8
Q

Recommendations for young children

A
  1. serve small nutritious meals and snacks each day
  2. do not restrict nutritious foods because of their potential allergen content (offer a variety of foods from all 4 food groups)
  3. satisfy their thirst with water
  4. respect your child’s ability to determine how much food to eat
  5. be patient
  6. be a good role model
  7. organize fun physical activities
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9
Q

serve small nutritious meals and snacks each day

A

Have small stomachs, so should eat small meals more often throughout day

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10
Q

do not restrict nutritious foods because of their potential allergen content (offer a variety of foods from all 4 food groups)

A

different flavours, colours, textures - 2% milk, pb, avocado

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11
Q

satisfy their thirst with water

A

vegetable juices > fruit juices

- total of 500 ml (2 cups) of milk/day to meet vit. D requirements

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12
Q

be a good role model

A

set a good example; start by having meals together as a family as often as possible, turn off tv

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13
Q

organize fun physical activities

A

bicycling, walking, dancing

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14
Q

What do energy needs account for?

A

age, gender, height, weight, physical activity level

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15
Q

Energy needs range?

A

1000-2000 kcal/day

- most Canadian toddlers/preschoolers meet or exceed these recommendations

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16
Q

Protein requirement - 1-3 years

A

1.1 g/kg/day

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17
Q

Protein requirement 4-8 years

A

0.9 g/kg/day

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18
Q

Most toddlers and preschool aged children have adequate vitamin and mineral consumption except for?

A

iron, calcium, vitamin D

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19
Q

What nutritional factors may put a preschool child at risk for iron deficiency?

A

high milk consumption and low iron consumption

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20
Q

Iron RDA 1-3 years?

A

7mg/day

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21
Q

Iron RDA 4-8 years?

A

10mg/day

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22
Q

What % of Canadian children aged 1-5 years have iron deficiency?

A

3.5-10.5%

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23
Q

Negative impacts of iron deficiency?

A

May cause delays in cognitive development and behavioural disturbances

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24
Q

What can be done to prevent iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • limit milk consumption to 2 cups

- provide iron rich foods (fortified cereals, hamburger, whole grain or enriched bread, beans, meats)

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25
Q

At what age should high risk infants be screened?

A

6 and 12 months

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26
Q

What can be done to read iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • iron supplements
  • counselling with parents
  • repeat screening
  • micronutrient powders
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27
Q

Calcium RDA 1-3 years

A

700mg/day

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28
Q

Calcium RDA 4-8 years

A

1000mg/day

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29
Q

What do calcium levels affect?

A

peak bone mass

30
Q

Ensure adequate calcium intake through:

A
  • milk and milk alternatives
  • dark green vegetables
  • fish with soft bones that are eaten (canned salmon/sardines)
31
Q

Vitamin D RDA 1-8 years

A

600 IU

32
Q

What % of Canadian children are deficient in vitamin D?

A

20%

33
Q

What is the risk associated with vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets

- characterized by bowing of legs

34
Q

Beginning at age of 3, the DRI equations estimating a child’s energy requirements are based on a child’s?

A
  • activity level, age, height, gender, weight
35
Q

Characteristics of the toddler

A
  • wants to be independent
  • “NO” and temper tantrums
  • want to do things on their own
  • can be defiant
  • learning to distinguish physical (e.g. hunger) and feelings (e.g. sad)
36
Q

When do temper tantrums peak?

A

2-4 years

37
Q

What eating pattern is common at this age?

A

food jags - only like one particular good and won’t swerve away from that

38
Q

Number of meals/day for toddlers?

A

3 meals and snacks (need structure)

39
Q

Characteristics of a preschooler

A
  • want to be like you
  • wants to do well and needs praise
  • although more independent, still needs guidance and support
  • regular meals and snacks provide opportunities for guidance/support
40
Q

Development of feeding skills of preschool aged children

A
  • can use fork, spoon, cup
  • temper tantrums occur less frequently
  • food should be cut into bite size pieces
  • adult supervision still required
41
Q

Feeding preschoolers

A
  • get them to serve themselves
  • encourage to start with 2-3 tbsp of food and provide more if they ask
  • help with simple food prep
  • practice behaviour that makes meals enjoyable
  • prepare foods you enjoy and food acceptance will happen
42
Q

Poor feeding behaviours

A
  • “clean your plate” (fail to listen to hunger cues)
  • instrumental feeding (using food as a reward)
  • heavy restriction of less healthy foods
43
Q

Common feeding pitfalls

A
  • don’t try to get foods into child
  • don’t expect child to be consistent
  • avoid too much or too little hunger
  • don’t allow grazing
44
Q

Steps to overcoming pitfalls

A
  • prepare food that you and your family like
  • offer everyone the same meal
  • provide 4-5 dishes (including bread)
  • include familiar and unfamiliar foods
  • teach and model appropriate eating behaviour
  • know children’s needs
45
Q

On average toddlers gain?

A

8 oz per month

46
Q

On average preschoolers gain?

A

4lbs per year

47
Q

What % of children aged 2-5 years are overweight/obese?

A

13%

48
Q

BMI percentile for overweight?

A

BMI > 85th percentile

49
Q

BMI percentile for obese?

A

BMI > 97th percentile

50
Q

Exercise requirements for toddler and preschoolers?

A

180 minutes of physical activity/day (any intensity - recess, climbing stairs) and work up to 60 minutes/day of high intensity

51
Q

Interpersonal and environmental factors affecting toddlers and preschoolers?

A
  • child care
  • neighbourhood environment
  • family influence
  • peers
  • parenting style
  • media
52
Q

Authoritarian

A

Control child’s eating, restricting food, forcing other food

- low warmth/high demandingness

53
Q

Indulgent

A

Minimal guidance/structure, child eats whatever, whenever

- high warmth/low demandingness

54
Q

Neglectful

A

parenting is absent, foods available may be inadequate/inappropriate
- low warmth/low demandingness

55
Q

Authoritative

A

balanced approach; parent determines what is offered, child determines what is eaten
- high warmth/high demandingness

56
Q

Compared to authoritative parenting, authoritarian parents’ children were ? more likely to be obese?

A

4x

57
Q

Compared to authoritative parenting, indulgent parents’ children were ? more likely to be obese?

A

2x

58
Q

Compared to authoritative parenting, neglectful parents’ children were ? more likely to be obese?

A

2x

59
Q

Screen time for children 0-2 years?

A

no recommended

60
Q

Screen time for children 2-4 years?

A

limited to under an hour/day

61
Q

Each 1 hour increment in TV viewing was associated with:

A
  • higher intakes of sugar sweetened beverages, fast food, red and processed meats, energy intake, percent energy intake from trans fat
  • lower intakes of fruit and vegetables, calcium and dietary fiber
62
Q

What are global guidelines geared towards?

A

Promoting government initiatives to reduce/eliminate the marketing of these foods to children (high in saturated fats, trans fatty acids, sugars, salts)

63
Q

To reduce risk of obesity, decrease:

A
  • sugar sweetened beverages
  • energy dense foods
  • TV screen time
  • fast foods
  • portion sizes
64
Q

To reduce risk of obesity, increase:

A
  • calcium rich diets
  • diets high in fiber
  • veggies/fruits
  • daily breakfast
  • physical activity
65
Q

Treatment guideline for overweight/obesity

A

Stage 1. Prevention plus
- behaviour change and more frequent follow up
Stage 2. Structure weight management
- planned diet/eating plan (with RD), logs to monitor behaviour, monthly follow up
Stage 3. comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention
- more intensive intervention, multiple health professionals, weekly follow up visits

66
Q

What is nutrition screening?

A

Process of identifying characteristics known to be associated with nutrition problems

  • completed by dieticians or health care professionals in various settings
  • determines need for further nutritional assessment
67
Q

Why screen?

A
  • early identification of problems
  • to prevent serious consequences in the future
  • to provide treatment when needed
  • to identify who needs services, treatment and referrals
  • to promote awareness and behaviour change
68
Q

Nutrition screening tools

A
  • contain measures/questions focusing on known risk factors
  • usually short check lists
  • nutritional risk increases with increased presence of risk factors
  • categorizes individuals based on needs for further assessment/follow up
  • MUST be followed appropriately
69
Q

What is NutriSTEP?

A

nutrition screening tool for every preschooler

  • screening tools for both toddlers/preschoolers
  • valid and reliable measure of nutrition risk
  • parent administered
  • determines 3 levels of risk (low, moderate, high)
70
Q

NutriSTEP provides?

A
  • early identification of potential nutritional problems
  • parent referral to community resources
  • parental nutritional education
  • support in evaluating preschool nutrition interventions
  • a means of monitoring community nutrition programs
71
Q

NutriSTEP results - % 18 months - 5 years high risk?

A

10-20%

NUTR 2050 Final (6 decks)

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