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NUTR 2050 Final > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Early adolescence

A

11-14

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2
Q

Middle adolescence

A

15-17

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3
Q

Late adolescence

A

18-21

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4
Q

Nutritional needs required for?

A

Substantial physical, emotional and cognitive maturation

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5
Q

When does puberty begin?

A

early adolescence

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6
Q

Biological changes associated with puberty

A
  • increase in height and weight
  • sexual maturation
  • changes in body composition
  • accumulation of skeletal mass
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7
Q

Order and timing for puberty?

A

Order of changes is consistent, timing is not

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8
Q

Sexual maturation is also referred to as?

A

Biological age

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9
Q

What should biological age be used for?

A

to assess nutritional needs

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10
Q

What is used a sexual maturation rating

A

Tanner stages

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11
Q

What are tanner stages?

A

scale to assess degree of sexual maturation

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12
Q

SMR 1

A

pre-pubertal growth and development

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13
Q

SMR 2-5

A

occurrences of puberty

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14
Q

SMR 5

A

sexual maturation has concluded

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15
Q

What is involved in sexual maturation in boys

A

genital development and pubic hair growth

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16
Q

What is involved in sexual maturation in girls

A

breast development and pubic hair growth

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17
Q

Menarche

A

onset of first menstrual period

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18
Q

When does menarche appear?

A

2-4 years after initial development of breast buds (SMR 4)

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19
Q

Age of menarche?

A

10-17 (average=12.4 years)

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20
Q

When does peak velocity of linear growth occur?

A

~6 to 12 months prior to menarche (SMR 3)

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21
Q

Peak weight gain follows linear growth spurt by how many months? (in females)

A

3 to 6 months

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22
Q

Body composition changes in females

A
  • peak weight gain follows linear growth spurt by 3-6 months (50% B.W. gained during adolescence)
  • increase in body fat (120% increase in body fat during puberty)
  • decrease in lean body mass from 80-74% of B.W.
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23
Q

Body fat levels in females

A

low 35%

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24
Q

What body fat % is required for menarche?

A

17%

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25
Q

What body fat % is required to maintain menstrual period?

A

25%

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26
Q

When does peak velocity of linear growth occur in males?

A

SMR 4

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27
Q

What signifies ending of peak velocity of growth in males?

A

appearance of facial hair

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28
Q

When does linear growth continue until in males?

A

21

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29
Q

Body composition in males

A
  • peak weight gain at time as peak linear growth
  • peak weight gain ~20lbs per year
  • body fat decreases to ~12%
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30
Q

How much bone mass is accused during adolescence?

A

~1/2

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31
Q

by what age is 90% of the skeletal mass formed?

A

18

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32
Q

What factors affect formation of skeletal mass?

A

genetics, hormones, weight bearing exercise, intake of certain minerals (vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus)

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33
Q

Energy needs influenced by?

A

activity level, BMR, pubertal growth/development

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34
Q

When does physical activity often decline?

A

adolescence (mostly in girls)

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35
Q

energy ranges?

A

males - 2200-3100 kcal/day

females - 2000-2400 kcal/day

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36
Q

Calculating estimated energy requirements (EER)

A

EER = 88.5-(61.9 x age in years) + PA x [(26.7 x weight in kg) + (903 x height in meters)] + 25

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37
Q

What are protein requirements influenced by?

A

amount needed to maintain existing lean body mass and develop new muscle

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38
Q

protein DRI

A

0.85 g/kg BW

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39
Q

Low protein intake during adolescence linked to?

A
  • reductions in linear growth
  • delays in sexual maturation
  • reduced lean body mass
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40
Q

During peak weight gin, adolescent males gain an average of ? lbs per year?

A

20lbs

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41
Q

Carb AMDR

A

130 g/day or 45-65%

42
Q

Fiber male 9-13

A

31g

43
Q

Fiber male 14-18

A

38g

44
Q

Fiber female 9-13

A

26g

45
Q

Fiber female 14-18

A

26g

46
Q

Energy from total fat?

A

25-35%

47
Q

Energy from omega 3’s?

A

0.6-1.2%

48
Q

Energy from saturated fat?

A
49
Q

What is calcium crucial for?

A

to ensure peak bone mass

50
Q

When is calcium absorption highest in girls?

A

around menarche

51
Q

When is calcium absorption highest in males?

A

during early adolescence

52
Q

How much more calcium is absorbed during adolescence vs. adulthood?

A

4x

53
Q

Calcium RDA for 9-18 year olds?

A

1300 mg/day

54
Q

Functions of vitamin D?

A
  • facilitates absorption of calcium

- essential for bone formation

55
Q

How is vitamin D synthesized?

A

By body via skin exposure to (ultraviolet B) rays of sunlight

56
Q

Vitamin D DRI?

A

600 IU/day

57
Q

When are iron requirements the highest in females?

A

After menarche (15mg/day)

58
Q

When are iron requirements the highest for males?

A

After growth spurt (11g/day)

59
Q

% iron deficiencies in 12-15 year old females/males?

A

females - 9%

males - 5%

60
Q

What is zinc required for?

A

sexual maturation and growth (esp. in males)

61
Q

Important B vitamins

A

folate, vitamin B12, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin

62
Q

B vitamin requirements are how much higher in adolescence vs. school-aged children?

A

2x

63
Q

The ‘teen’ brain

A
  • ability to reason, rational thought may be limited
  • live in the moment; limited consideration of long term consequences
  • reward benefits much more important than possible risk
64
Q

social and emotional development - early adolescence

A
  • strong need for social acceptance from peers
  • body image may change as result of changes in body shape
  • increased awareness of sexuality
  • strong sense of impulsivity
65
Q

social and emotional development - middle/late adolescence

A
  • increased opportunities for employment and outside activities
  • greater autonomy from parents
  • continued need for social acceptance from peers
  • increased awareness of social and moral issues
66
Q

Stater institue parenting recommendations

A
  • try to find the balance between controlling and totally giving up control on what and when food is being served
  • consult, support and work out expectations together
  • continue to have open communication
  • continue to provide leadership with food selection
  • give expectations that will feed self responsibility
  • teach meal planning and how to prepare meals
67
Q

What % of adolescents report vegetarian diets?

A

4%

68
Q

Reasons adolescents adopt vegetarian diet

A
  • cultural/religious beliefs
  • moral/ethical concerns
  • health beliefs
  • to restrict fat/calories
  • means of independence from family
69
Q

Compared to non-vegetarians, vegetarians had:

A
  • better fruit/vegetable intake
  • less overweight/obesity
  • more eating disorders
  • more weight controlling behaviours
70
Q

Do vegetarians have a specific guidance from health Canada?

A

No

71
Q

Lacto-ovo vegetarians can meet needs following EWCFG by:

A
  • Choosing legumes, nuts, tofu as “alternatives” to meat

- fortified soy beverage as milk “alternative”

72
Q

Is EWCFG adequate for vegans?

A

No

73
Q

Vegetarians need additional supplementation of?

A

calcium, zinc, iron, vitamins D, B6 and B12

74
Q

High restriction involved with vegetarian diets pos concerns with?

A

adequacy, especially for growing children and adolescents

75
Q

What will help vegans achieve adequate nutrition?

A

fortification and supplementation

76
Q

Challenges the teen faces?

A
  • nutrition knowledge may be limited

- may be motivated by weight loss

77
Q

How parents and providers can assist the teen?

A
  • support with appropriate knowledge

- try to understand motivations

78
Q

Vegetarian food guide

A 
calcium rich - 8
grains - 6
legumes, nuts, other protein - 5
vegetables - 4
fruits - 2 
fats -2
79
Q

What iron rich food source would be the best choice for an adolescent who is a lacto-vegetarian?

A

pinto beans and diced tomatoes

80
Q

Physical activity guide for children 5-17?

A
  • 60+ minutes/day of moderate to intense exercise
  • 3+ days/ week intense
  • 3+ days/week muscle building
81
Q

What % of adolescents aren’t doing any sort of PA?

A

80%

82
Q

What % of adolescents are using computers for more than 10 hours per day?

A

14%

83
Q

Girl’s barriers to physical activity?

A
  • lack of time
  • involvement in technology focused activities
  • inaccessibile facilities
  • cost of facilities
  • competition
  • body centred issues
84
Q

In females, lower body satisfaction is associated with:

A
  • increased extreme weight control behaviours
  • increased binge eating
  • decreased physical activity
  • decreased fruit and vegetable intake
85
Q

In males, lower body satisfaction is associated with:

A
  • increased extreme weight control behaviours
  • increased binge eating
  • decreased physical activity
86
Q

The continuum of eating disorders

A

body dissatisfaction –> dieting behaviours –> disordered eating –> clinically significant eating disorders

87
Q

Clinically defined/diagnosed eating disorders:

A

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder

88
Q

What % of girls and boys report being dissatisfied with their bodies?

A

46 and 26%

89
Q

What % of 15 year old girls are dieting to lose weight?

A

48%

90
Q

What % of Ontario girls 12-18 years report disordered eating behaviours (vomiting, laxative use, fasting)?

A

27%

91
Q

key features of anorexia nervosa?

A
  • refusal to maintain body weight at normal weight for age
  • intense fear of gaining weight
  • amenorrhea
  • distorted body image
92
Q

key features of bulimia nervosa?

A
  • recurrent episodes of rapid consumption of large amounts of food in a discrete period of time
  • use of laxatives or diuretics
  • 1% of adolescent females (increases to 3% in adults)
93
Q

Binge eating disorder (BED)

A

binge eating, not followed by compensatory behaviours

- 2% of general population; 30% of dieting population

94
Q

Cause of BED

A

dietary restriction leading to uncontrolled hunger

95
Q

Role of food in an individuals affected by BED?

A

comfort, support, deal with stress, to feel numb

96
Q

Why do eating disorders exist in adolescence?

A
  • life is overwhelming (many changes, struggling with own identity/independence, increased pressure)
  • searching for control over stress
97
Q

Factors associated with the development of eating disorders?

A
  • Public policy = media messages
  • community = weight norms
  • organizational = food related policies
  • interpersonal = weight related teasing/bullying
  • individual = self esteem, food preferences, body dissatisfaction
98
Q

What is the NEDIC?

A

National eating disorder information centre

99
Q

What does the NEDIC do?

A
  • developed and disseminates information and resources on eating disorders
  • staffs a telephone helpline
  • runs prevention and awareness campaigns (Feb - eating disorder awareness week)
  • runs workshops and presentations
100
Q

Some eating disorder prevention strategies?

A
  • persons of influence recognizing their own issues with self esteem and body image
  • view self as a “whole person”, discourage negative self talk
  • eliminate weight focus, harassing
  • stop weigh ins, fat callipers, etc for sports groups
  • understand role of media
101
Q

Eating disorder treatment

A
  • restore body weight
  • improve social and emotional well being
  • normalize eating behaviours
102
Q

Binge eating disorder condition, which is indicated by the presence of 3 to 5 criteria. Which of the following are NOT criteria?

A

Eating until full

NUTR 2050 Final (6 decks)

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