Patho - Chapters 39,40,41,42 - Endocrine System Flashcards
Hormones _____ and _____ are water soluable
Peptides (small proteins),
Catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine)
Which catecholamines are water soluble?
Dopamine,
epinephrine,
norepinephrine
These hormones travel freely in solution in the plasma, some are partially protein-bound
Water soluble hormones
These hormones are unable to cross the plasma membrane to enter cells and must exert actions by binding to receptors located on the surface of target cell membranes
Water-soluble hormones
____ and _____ hormones are lipid soluble hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3),
Thyroxine (T4)
Examples of water soluble peptides
Angiotensin II, Glucagon, Oxytocin, Insulin, Parathyroid Hormone, FSH, Growth hormone, LH, Prolactin, TSH
These hormones bind outside of the cell. Once bound they cause a second messenger to become active within the cell.
Water soluble hormones
These hormones are carried inside the cell as their receptors are within the cytoplasm. A combination of protein binding and fat solubility allows entry to the cell.
Lipid soluble hormones
A _____ feedback loop is a mechanism for maintaining hormone activity within a normal range or set point of normal activity
Negative
Physiologic hormone concentrations are _____ in most cases
Low
Pharmacological hormone concentrations are _____ than normal
Greater
When cells are exposed to high concentrations of hormone for a prolonged period, a common result is decreased number of receptors. This is called?
Down-regulation
An increase in the number of receptors in response to chronically low hormone concentrations is called ?
Up-regulation
When hormones increase the number of receptors for other hormones, and enhancing the effect of the second hormone it is called?
Permissiveness
_____ allows cellular events to occur in sequence
Permissiveness
______ work against or block
Antagonists
_____ with with or binds
Agonist
Medications that mimic hormone activity and are frequently given as hormone replacement therapy are _____
Agonists
_____ compete with epinephrine and norepinephrine for receptor sites are used to block cardiac stimulatory properties and decrease cardiac workload
Antagonists
GH targets which organ?
Muscle,
Adipose,
Liver
ACTH targets which organ?
Adrenal cortex
TSH targets which organ?
Thyroid
LH and FSH target which organs?
Gonads
Testosterone in the testes for me,
Estrogen,progesterone in ovaries for women
Prolactin targets which organ?
Breasts
What are the hormones of the anterior-pituitary gland
GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin
The _______ regulates endocrine function of the anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin,
ADH
Oxytocin targets which organ?
Breasts,
Uterus
ADH targets which organ?
Kidneys,
Liver
Lactotropes secrete ____
Prolactin
Gonadotropins secrete ______
FSH,
LH
Thyrotropes release ____
TSH
Corticotrophes produce ______
ACTH
____% of the circulating thyroid hormone is T4 and ____% is T3
90,
10
______ is released in response to increased serum osmolality and decreased blood pressure
Anti-diuretic hormone
What are the neurocrine hormones?
Oxytocin,
ADH
Idiopathic = ?
Unknown
Neoplastic = ?
Tumor
Iatrogenic = ?
Unintentional side effect
What are the side effects to decreased thyroid hormone?
Weakness, lethargy, cold intolerance, bradycardia, decreased metabolic rate
What is the treatment for decreased thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism)?
Oral levothyroxine
What are the side effects for increased thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)?
Heat intolerance, elevated temperature, tachycardia, rhythm abnormalities, restlessness, confusion
What is the treatment for increased thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)?
Beta blockers,
Radioactive iodine