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PY2CN > Impaired Cognition > Flashcards

Impaired Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Define retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory from before damaging incident

Assoc diecephallic regions

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2
Q

Define anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to create new memories

Associate with hippocampal damage

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3
Q

What causes amnesia

A

Stroke, ABI, TBI, alcohol

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4
Q

What is korsakoff syndrome

A

Amnesia due to long term excessive alcohol consumption - thiamine deficiency due to malnutrition and alcohol cause impairment in regions that require thiamine ie lesions in limbic system/thalamus/diecephallic structures
leads to confabulation, disordered eye and limb movement, retrograde/anterograde amnesia and enlarged ventricles

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5
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Interconnecting structures in the brain

ie thalamus, cc, fornix, hyp, hipp, amygdala, olfactory bulb

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6
Q

Biomaterial of korsakoff S

A

Vitamin b1 deficiency

Thalamus impairment - acts as relay centre for forming and maintaining episodic memory

Enlarged ventricles that fill with CSF

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7
Q

Define hemispatial neglect

A

Attentional deficit where failt to respond or orient to stimuli in contralesional side of space
More common in left hemispace as right hemisphere modulate attention
thought to be due to impairment in gradient of attention between two hemispheres - right more dominant across visual field and left specific to right spatial attention

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8
Q

Define contralesional

A

Opposite side of lesion

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9
Q

Define ipsilesional

A

Same side of brain lesion

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10
Q

Define hemianopia

A

Visual deficit that means cannot see/process info on one side of space

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11
Q

Braine regions assoc with hemispatial neglect

A

Tempo paretial junction

Intraparetial sulcus

Supramarginal gyrus

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12
Q

Symptoms of neglect

A

Deficit in body representation

Don’t incorporate what don’t perceive & ignore

Anosognosia - unaware of disorder

Representational neglect - have info but ignore it (piazzo del duomo)

Extinction - when there is two competing stimuli, one extinguished

allesthia - see stimulus on left but report seeing on right

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13
Q

Tests for hemispatial neglect

A

visual search task
line bisection
drawing tasks (visual or representational)

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14
Q

Treatment of hemispatial neglect

A 
Cognitive training 
Scan training
Neck muscle vibrations 
Mental imagery training 
Video feedback training
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15
Q

Problems with hemispatial treatments

A

Improvement is transient and short lived

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16
Q

Describe prism adaptation treatment

A

Wear prism goggles that shift visual field 10 degrees

Ask to reach for targets whilst wearing - realligns the visual and proprioceptive frame ‘peas magic shift’

causes after effect - neglect slower to realign to vision so show reduction in neglect symptoms for longer - limited feedback/attention

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17
Q

Prism adaptation improvements rosette 1998

A

subjective shift to midline
Improvement on : line bisection, line cancellation, copying drawings, memory drawing and reading as well as wheel chair navigation
last for at least 2 hours

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18
Q

Prism adaptation lasting effects pisella et al

A

Found to last up to 5 weeks

But limit of 10 weeks

19
Q

What other problems can arise from pre frontal lobe damage

A 
impaired executive function
Inertia 
Perseveration 
Disinhibition 
Deficient self awareness
Inflexibility
20
Q

Define intertia

A

Problems starting
Apathetic and unresponsive - superior medial damage

Ie only eat when food in front of them

21
Q

Define perseveration

A

Prolongation or continuation of act/action sequence - can’t break sequence

Dorsolateral lesions

22
Q

Define disinhibition

A

Impulsivity - don’t inhibit behaviours

Aggressive outbursts, promiscuity, poor decisions

Orbital frontal cortex

23
Q

Define deficient self awareness

A

Inability to perceive performance errors and failure to appreciate impact on others

Don’t respond normally to emotional or social reinforcers

Orbital cortex and related limbic systems

24
Q

Define inflexibility

A

Concrete attitude

Can’t plan or sustain goal directed behaviours

25
Q

Define amnesia

A

Impairment to encoding or storage processes in memory due to disease or accident

Retrograde or anterograde

26
Q

patient HM

A

anterograde amnesia following procedure to remove bilateral medial temporal lobe in epilepsy procedure
also remove hippocampus and amygdala

27
Q

minler 1962 Patient HM

A

gave repeated procedural tasks
ie draw line between two outlines or draw a 5 point star in mirror
not recall doing procedures but show sig improvement in speed and accuracy
- dissoc between motor and knowledge base learning

28
Q

kopelman 2014 temp lobe amnesia vs korsakoff

A

Both syndromes show ‘core’ features of an anterograde amnesic syndrome; but retrograde amnesia more extensive (going back many years or decades) in the Korsakoff syndrome.
spontaneous confabulation occurs more commonly in the Korsakoff syndrome
amnesia forget more rapidly but korsakoff more influenced by proactive interference
These differences are attributed to the greater prevalence of frontal atrophy and frontal damage in Korsakoff cases.

29
Q

proactive interference

A

previously learned material hinders subsequent learning.

30
Q

retroactive interference

A

new material interferes with old memory/learning

31
Q

Thelma (parkin 1996)

A

neglect patient fail to notice stimuli to the left side of space unless important

32
Q

behtman et al 1997 hemispatial neglext

A

each hemisphere accounts for contralateral attention of space
hemispatial show similar eye saccased across left and right hemispace as controls - take into account both sides just don’t attend to one

33
Q

baylis driver and rafal 1993 hemispatial neglect and extinction

A

extinction paradigm - two pens or 1 pen and 1 comb

extinction of 2nd pen in first condition but recognise comb in second - ignore unnecessary/irrelevant info

34
Q

Bisiach and Luzzatti 1978 hemispatial and representational neglect

A

two neglect patients describe imagined perspective of piazza del duomo
omit descriptions on left but report when from a diff perspective - have the info but ignore

35
Q

visual search task for neglect

A

cancel or identify target numbers or letters in a display of similar stimuli or distractors
neglect fail to identify targets to the left

36
Q

line bisection task for neglect

A

bisect centre of the line

fail to account for left to bisect to the right of the centre

37
Q

drawing tasks for neglect

A

visual - copy
representational - from memory
omit details to the left/squeeze to the right

38
Q

marshall and halligan 1988 neglect

A

burning house
which would you prefer to live
neglect say one with non burning window

39
Q

laduras paladine and cubelin 1998 priming and neglect

A

present patients with word/non word on neglect side then letter dring
letter string is word/non word linked or not to word seen on neglect side
faster to respond to word linking to that prev see but fail to explicitly report seeing the word

40
Q

luaute et al 2006 neural basis of prism adaptation

A

improvement correlated with neural activity in right cerebellum (assoc with control of visuospatial output), left thalamus, left temporal occ cortex, right posterior parietal crtex and left medial temp lobe
increased efficiency in visual stimuli recognition and greater implications of ventral “what” region

41
Q

what is executive function

A

set of cognitive processes – including attentional control, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, as well as reasoning, problem solving, and planning – that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors

assoc with frontal lobes

42
Q

Phineas gage

A

explosion during ork
tamping iron in skull
heat courterise wound
“not gage anymore” - change in personality, become unreliable, unpredictable disrespectful and lacked social skills

43
Q

damasio graborski and trank et al 1994 Phineas gage

A

estimate trajectory of rod using neuroimaging on skull
impaired orbitofrontal cortex and anterior medial areas
all assoc with exec functioning

PY2CN (16 decks)

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