Procedural Memory

Question 1

Define procedural

Answer 1

Heterogenous group of learning abilities unified by the fact they are not declarative - non conscious recall expressed via performance

Question 2

Procedures/Skills and habits - brain regions

Answer 2

Striatum

Question 3

Implicit memory/priming - brain regions

Answer 3

Neocortex

Question 4

Simple classical conditioning - brain regions

Answer 4

Cerebellum

Amygdala

Question 5

Non associative learning - brain regions

Answer 5

Reflex pathways

Question 6

Wevidence for distinction between declarative and procedural

Answer 6

Experimental studies
Neuro imaging
Neuropsychology
Amnesia patients

Question 7

Define procedures/ skills and habits

Answer 7

Acts performed regularly - routine

Depend on habits to respond to new novel stimuli in the environment

Include:
Perceptual and ‘motor skills
Cognitive skills

Question 8

How are skills and habits investigated in the lab

Answer 8

Perform challenging task over repeated trials and over sessions

Learning via improvement in speed/accuracy

Compare healthy to amnesia - amnesia show preserved skill learning? - dissociation between procedural and declarative

Question 9

Describe the mirror tracing task

Answer 9

Investigates perceptual and motor skills

Trace figure in paper by seeing mirror image of drawing

Healthy adults but but improve with training - amnesia also ie patient HM retain

Question 10

Describe the persuit rotor task

Answer 10

Perceptual and motor skills

Pps maintain contact between stylus and disc on turntable

Time increase with practice in healthy, amnesia and alz

IMPAIRMENT IN HUNTINGTONS - basal ganglia damage includes striatum

Question 11

Describe tower tasks

Answer 11

Cognitive skills

Tower of Hanoi - must plan ahead to complete quickly

Amnesia show mixed evidence and Huntington’s impaired

Question 12

Define implicit learning

Answer 12

Learning about a stimulus in the environment without necessarily intending to do so

Resulting knowledge difficult to express

Question 13

Describe sequence learning ‘serial reaction time task’

Answer 13

Light appears in 1/4 locations horizontally on screen

Press correct key below the light as fast as possible

Question 14

Describe nissen and bullemer sequence learning

Answer 14

1. Random sequence
2. Repeating sequence - sequence follows a pattern

800 trials

Repeating sequence 50% reductions in RT but random little improvement

Many reported being aware of the pattern

BUT amnesia - improved without awareness

Question 15

Willingham et al implicit sequence learning

Answer 15

Healthy pps show substantial improvement without explicit knowledge of sequence

Question 16

Describe destrebecqz and cleermens sequence learning

Answer 16

Pps see repeating sequence and asked to generate new sequence without old

Inadvertently generate old sequence - unaware that producing it

Question 17

Describe Honda et al imaging data for sequence learning

Answer 17

Examined brain regions involved in implicit and explicit motor sequence learning using a PET & serial reaction time task

Press button in response to visual stimuli - 10 cycles of same 10 digit sequence

Recall of sequence + improvement after - explicit
RT improvement before sequence recall - implicit

Question 18

Results of IMPLICIT Hondas et al imaging data for sequence learning

Answer 18

Implicit assoc with:
Left sensorimotor cortex 
Left supplementary motor areas
Putamen (part of striatum) 
Left paretial

Question 19

Results of EXPLICIT Honda et al imaging data for sequence learning

Answer 19

Right PFC
right pre motor cortex
Paretial occipital cortex

(Implicit and explicit mediated by different structures)

Question 20

Masters - implicit learning everyday

Answer 20

Golf players learning to putt:

1. Explicit learn by specific instructions over 4 sessions (100 putts)
2. Implicit learning by practice sessions without instructions and secondary task (random no generation - remove conscious awareness by diverting attention )

Question 21

Results of masters implicit learning everyday

Answer 21

Both groups similar level putting performance after 4 sessions

Implicit little explicit knowledge of skills - few verbal protocols and rules than explicit

Question 22

Masters ‘test phase’ implicit learning in everyday

Answer 22

Told gold expert eval their performance via one way mirror and financial reward depending on performance - increase stress

Explicit learning perform worse - ‘choking’ - focus too much on explicit knowledge and what they’re doing that disrupts automaticity of the skill

Question 23

Describe Weldon and roediger repitition priming

Answer 23

Processing of stimuli facilitated by previous recent exposure to the stimulus

1. Pps study list of words and pics
2. Explicit - free conscious recall
   Implicit - fragment complete room rest and told to guess words - some corresponded to studied words, some to the names of studied pics and some new

Question 24

Results of weldon and roediger repitition priming

Answer 24

Free recall - Pictures recalled better than words ‘picture superiority effect’

Implicit frag completion - better on words than pictures

Question 25

Tulving schacter and stark

Retention interval

Answer 25

Pps given 96 words

Tested 1 hour and 1 week later

Test:
Recognition test (explicit)
Word frag completion test - how often complete with words prev seen (implicit)

Question 26

Results Tulving schacter and stark

Answer 26

Recog memory worse in word frag

No decline in performance for implicit between 1 and 7 days

Question 27

Mitchell 2006 retention interval experiments

Answer 27

‘82
Shown pics of objects for 1-3 secs then recog test for objects (explicit)

‘99
Mail fragments of Pics to same participants and ask to name

• 24.7% recall correct after 17 years, control 5.2% - implicit rigid and occur even whe no conscious recollection of taking part in exp

Question 28

Levels of processing and explicit/implicit

Answer 28

Explicit test influenced by level of processing at study and implicit not

Question 29

Describe Jacoby and Dallas 1981 levels of processing explicit/implicit

Answer 29

Presented pps with list of familiar words
Study semantic or not

Explicit recognition test
Implicit perceptual identification test - word briefly flash on screen and have to identify the word

Question 30

Results of jacoby and Dallas levels of processing explicit/implicit

Answer 30

Recognition memory better for semantic than non

No diff in perceptual identification -
More likely identify words seen on list before but same for both level conditions

Question 31

Dividing attention for implicit memory tests

Answer 31

Implicit test performance less affected by divided attention than explicit

Question 32

Milligan and Hartman dividing attention on implicit

Answer 32

Pps presented with list of words told to read aloud and remember for later

Half pps perform digit monitoring task at same time (tap table when hear 3 consecutive odd digits)

Implicit word frag test
Explicit word frag cued recall(same frag but told to recall study words to complete them)

Question 33

Results mulligan and Hartman dividing attention on implicit memory

Answer 33

Priming on word frag completion not disrupted by dividing attention

Word frag recall was

Question 34

Neuro imaging evidence

Schacter et al

Answer 34

Pps study familiar words

Pet scan while:

Implicit stem completion test (complete word with first word that comes to mind - both prev seen or not)

Baseline stems (only use new words not prev seen)

Explicit stem completion (complete using only prev seen)

Question 35

Results schacter et al neuro imaging evidence

Answer 35

Explicit stem:
Acid age right parahippocampal formation compared to baseline

Implicit stem:
Decreased activation in extrastriatal occipital cortex compared to baseline

Question 36

Multiple memory systems theory of implicit and explicit memory

Answer 36

System responsible for conscious recollection

Functionally and anatomically distinct from other learning systems

Ie selective impairment in explicit memory for amnesiacs but not implicit

Question 37

Multiple memory processes theory of implicit and explicit memory

Answer 37

Memory tests use diff processes

Dissociation a between tests reflect different processes (conceptual vs perceptual)

Question 38

Classical conditioning eye blink tests

Answer 38

Tone presented shortly before luff of air to eye lead to eye blink

Tone lead to eye blink

• intact with amnesia patients with bilateral medial-temp lesions
• absent in patients with cerebellum lesions (motor)
• impaired in korsakoff (cerebellum damage)

CEREBELLUM STORAGE OF MEMORY TRACE FOR PROCEDURAL MEMORY

Question 39

Classical conditioning fear conditioning in rats

Answer 39

Pair sound web shock leads to fear to sound - Amygdala role in fear conditioning

Humans pair stimulus to aversive noise that leads to GSR/SCR
- amygdala resection patients show little/no fear

Question 40

Havituation

Answer 40

Rapid stimulus presentation = rapid habituation

Weak stimulus = rapid habituation

Withheld stimulus = spontaneous recovery