Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Chapter 6: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

genetic material

A

hereditary information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gamete

A

sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

autosomal cells

A

body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

minimal medium

A

the minimum amount of material needed to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spore

A

an asexual seed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

virulent

A

extremely harmful of toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects and destroys bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

double helix

A

a double-stranded spiral that makes up DNA molecular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pyrimidine

A

a nitrogenous base with a characteristic single ring structure (hint: cytosine and thymine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

purine

A

a nitrogenous base with a two ring characteristic structure (hint: adenine and guanine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

antiparallel

A

the overall direction of two complementary strands relative to one another such that their 5’ to 3’ orientation run opposite of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

isotopes

A

different forms of an element that have the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons and atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

differential centrifugation

A

a technique that involves the separation of cellular particles according to their mass, size, or density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

polymerization

A

a process by which a large molecule is constructed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phosphodiester linkages

A

the linkages that hold nucleotides together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of new DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

helicase

A

an enzyme that unwinds the double-stranded DNA before replication at the site of the replication fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

single strand binding protein

A

an enzyme that stabilizes the unwound helix during replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RNA primer

A

a strand of RNA nucleotides that is required for DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

primase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

okazaki fragments

A

small pieces of nucleotide that are used to synthesize DNA from the lagging strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ligase

A

an enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments into a single DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

an enzyme that assists in removing RNA primers from a DNA strand, replacing them with DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

leading strand

A

the strand of DNA of grows continuously in the direction of the replication fork, and can be read easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lagging strand

A

the strand of DNA that grows away from the replication fork, and cannot be read easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

excision repair

A

an incorrect DNA sequence is cut out and replaced with the correct sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

telomeres

A

repeating sequences of nucleotide found at the end of DNA strands, which are made up of tandem repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

telomerase

A

an enzyme that can polymerize telomere sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

transcription

A

the process where information on DNA is coded into a messenger RNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

translation

A

information on the messenger RNA molecule is converted by a ribosome into a polypeptide strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

codon

A

3 bases on an mRNA strand that designate a particular amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

transcription unit

A

the sequence on the DNA strand to be coded in mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

promoter sequence

A

a series of DNA nucleotides (15-300 base pairs long) that serves as the site where RNA polymerase binds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

transcription factors

A

a collection of proteins that help RNA polymerase recognize and bind to the promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

terminator sequence

A

DNA nucleotides that signal the end of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

poly (A) tail

A

consists of 30-200 adenine nucleotides and is attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule. It protects against degradation and helps export mRNA from the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

introns

A

intervening sequences of noncoding nucleotides that occur between coding sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

exons

A

expressed sequences of the mRNA transcript

40
Q

spliceosomes

A

a composition of proteins and small nuclear Ribonuclear Proteins (hint: snRNPs)

41
Q

anticodon loop

A

contains a sequence of 3 nucleotides (anticodon) which are complementary to 3 nucleotides (codon) on the mRNA strand

42
Q

nucleolus

A

a site in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosomes are assembled

43
Q

redundancy/degeneracy

A

describes the relative unimportance the third nucleotide plays for specifying a given amino acid (hint: ACU and ACC both specify for the amino acid threonine)

44
Q

charged tRNA

A

a tRNA molecule bound to an amino acid with a high energy covalent bond (hint: also called aminoacyl tRNA)

45
Q

ribozymes

A

enzymes made of RNA that assist in RNA splicing

46
Q

elongation

A

the addition of amino acids one by one to form a polypeptide chain

47
Q

codon recognition

A

the anticodon of the tRNA binds with the complimentary sequences of the mRNA codon

48
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent links that form by dehydration reactions between amino acids

49
Q

stop codon

A

1 of 3 sequences of three nucleotides on the mRNA strand, (UAG, UAA, or UGA) which accepts a protein release factor, thus terminating elongation

50
Q

polyribosomes

A

several ribosomes attached to an mRNA strand that increase efficiency of translation. They occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

51
Q

signal peptides

A

sequences of about 20 amino acids on polypeptides that direct a protein to the ER

52
Q

lac operon

A

regulates mRNA transcription of enzymes responsible for digesting lactose

53
Q

transcriptional controls

A

control whether or not mRNA is produced

54
Q

gene expression

A

transcription and translation to form a polypeptide

55
Q

repressor protein

A

a protein that binds to an operator site and blocks RNA polymerase

56
Q

operator/operator site

A

the site downstream from the promoter where the repressor protein binds

57
Q

inducible operon

A

a regulatory unit that is activated when a small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein

58
Q

repressible operon

A

a regulatory unit that is inhibited when a small molecule binds with a regulatory protein

59
Q

allolactose

A

an isomer of lactose

60
Q

operon

A

a unit of genetic function that consists of regulated sets of genes with related functions

61
Q

allosteric site

A

a specific receptor site on an enzyme apart from the active site. Molecules bind here and change the shape of the active site.

62
Q

genome

A

the DNA in a complete set of an organism’s chromosomes (both coding for proteins and non-coding DNA)

63
Q

chromosome

A

a highly compacted form of DNA and associate proteins

64
Q

nucleosome

A

a segment of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

65
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins in eukaryotes

66
Q

domains

A

the loops of third level DNA, where chromatin fiber is looped and anchored onto a scaffold protein

67
Q

denature

A

the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds

68
Q

tandem repeats/satellite DNA

A

sequences of DNA that repeat one after the other up to several hundred thousand times (ie: GTTAC GTTAC GTTAC, etc.)

69
Q

interspersed repetitive DNA

A

sequences of repetitive DNA which are scattered throughout the genome. These sequences are not always identical, but must be similar.

70
Q

reanneal

A

the coming-together of DNA strands

71
Q

centromere

A

the region of a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids, and is made up of multiple tandem repeat sequences

72
Q

gene family

A

long, repeating DNA sequences that can code for genes and are capable of transcribing RNA

73
Q

pseudogenes

A

copies of existing genes that lack regulatory sequences that are necessary for gene expression

74
Q

gene amplification

A

takes place when many copies of a gene are synthesized in order to increase production of the gene product (hint: salamander eggs and cancer cells)

75
Q

transposon/jumping genes

A

a segment of DNA that is able to copy itself and insert this copy elsewhere in a chromosome

76
Q

retrotransposons

A

a transposable element that moves within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate

77
Q

histone

A

a small protein involved in DNA packing

78
Q

nucleoid

A

region where DNA concentrations are found in prokaryotic cells

79
Q

gene controls

A

methods used to ensure that certain genes are only expressed when needed

80
Q

totipotent

A

containing a full set of hereditary instructions

81
Q

transformation

A

transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

82
Q

complementarity

A

sets of hydrogen bonds link base pairs together (2 hydrogen bonds between thymine and adenine, and 3 hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine)

83
Q

endonucleases

A

cut DNA internally

84
Q

exonucleases

A

chews away at the end of DNA, helps proofread, and is used by DNA polymerase I to remove the primers after replication

85
Q

replisome

A

a replication organelle, made up of an assembly of proteins

86
Q

primosome

A

made up of primase/helicase and other proteins

87
Q

gene

A

a sequence of nucleotides that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein

88
Q

triplet code

A

the 3-nucleotide sequence in each codon

89
Q

reading frame

A

part of the genetic code that is read by mRNA

90
Q

template strand (antisense strand)

A

the strand of DNA that is copied

91
Q

coding strand (sense strand)

A

the strand of DNA that is not copied, and is identical to RNA

92
Q

-35 sequence

A

TTGACA, which is 35 nucleotides away from where transcription starts

93
Q

-10 sequence

A

TATAAT, which is 10 nucleotides from where transcription starts

94
Q

transcription bubble

A

the area containing RNA polymerase, DNA, and the growing mRNA strand

95
Q

CG hairpin

A

causes polymerase to pause and let go of DNA

96
Q

nonsense codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

97
Q

initiation factors

A

proteins that position tRNAfMet (in prokaryotes) or methionine (in eukaryotes) at the P site

AP Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions