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AP Biology > Chapter 11: The Evolution of Life on Earth > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Evolution of Life on Earth Flashcards

1
Q

systematics

A

the study of the diversity of life forms which categorizes species based on phylogenetic relationships determined by concepts such as evolutionary history, genetics, and anatomy

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

a branch of systematics that creates a classification scheme for organisms

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3
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

the inventor of the Binomial Nomenclature system

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4
Q

clade

A

an evolutionary branch in a phylogenetic tree, which represents a divergence between species

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5
Q

cladogram/phylogenetic tree

A

a graphic representation of the evolutionary relationship between characteristics organisms

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6
Q

phenetics

A

the data-driven field of systematics

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7
Q

cladistics

A

the phylogenetic approach to systematics

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8
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

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9
Q

homologies

A

equivalent structures resulting from a shared ancestry

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10
Q

general homology

A

a trait shared by all organisms in question

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11
Q

special homology

A

a trait shared by some organisms in question

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12
Q

homoplasy

A

the occurrence of homoplastic/analogous structures which perform similar functions, but do not share a recent common ancestry

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13
Q

derived traits

A

traits which only occur in descendants, not in the ancestor

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14
Q

outgroup

A

a species or group of species that are more closely related to each other than to other species in their clade

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15
Q

homeotic genes

A

master controls genes for other genes (ex: genes which determine segmental growth)

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16
Q

domain

A

the highest-level taxonomic category, superior to kingdom. It was proposed by Woese, Kandler, and Wheelis in 1990 in order to reflect the relationships of organisms suggested by molecular data

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17
Q

photoautotrophic

A

an organism that extracts energy from light to fix the carbon from carbon dioxide

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18
Q

photoheterotrophic

A

an organism that extracts energy from light but must rely on other organisms as a source of carbon

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19
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

anaerobes which cannot switch between aerobic and anaerobic

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20
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the process of splitting molecular nitrogen and making it biologically available as ammonia (NH3)

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21
Q

enteric

A

pertaining to the gut

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22
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a lipopolysaccharide found in the cell wall of Bacteria

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23
Q

protists

A

a generic word describing single-celled eukaryotes

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24
Q

mixotroph

A

an organism that can act as both a heterotroph and autotroph

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25
Q

dessication

A

drying out

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26
Q

coevolution

A

how the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another, and vice versa

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27
Q

xylem and phloem

A

vascular tissues involved in conducting water and nutrients

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28
Q

spore

A

a single, haploid (n) cell that can give rise to an entire organism

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29
Q

seed

A

a plant embryo enclosed in a protective coat

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30
Q

tracheophytes

A

vascular plants

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31
Q

sori

A

structures on the underside of fern leaves that contain sporangia

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32
Q

hermaphroditic

A

having both male and female sexual structures

33
Q

homosporous

A

having one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte (hint: ferns)

34
Q

heterosporous

A

having two types of spores that give rise separately to male and female gametophytes (hint: seed plants)

35
Q

dioecious

A

having male and female reproductive structures on separate plants

36
Q

monoecious

A

having both male and female reproductive structures on the same plant

37
Q

fruit

A

plant structures that contain seeds

38
Q

cotyledons

A

the seeds leaves of an angiosperm embryo

39
Q

meristem

A

the region of plant tissue where cells are dividing allowing for the plant to grow

40
Q

fungi

A

generally multicellular heterotrophs that absorb nutrients using extracellular digestion

41
Q

colonial

A

a group of cells that are physically adjoining, but not dependent on each other

42
Q

divergent evolution

A

the division of an ancestral group into two or more lineages that share homologous structures or patterns of development

43
Q

cephalization

A

the aggregation of sensory organs at one end of an organism; the development of a head

44
Q

germ layers

A

concentric layers of undifferentiated cells in an embryo which will give rise to the various tissues and organs of the body

45
Q

coelom

A

a body cavity

46
Q

cleavage

A

a rapid series of mitotic divisions that creates a solid ball of cells called the morula. By the end of this process, the morula has transformed into a blastula, a hollow ball of cells.

47
Q

totipotency

A

the ability for each cell of an embryo to have the potential to form all parts of an organism

48
Q

amplexus

A

a type of controlled, external fertilization where the male fertilizes a specific female’s eggs

49
Q

amniotic egg

A

a type of egg that has a hard outer shell and inner membranes which allow for respiration while preventing water loss

50
Q

monophyletic

A

having one common ancestor

51
Q

diploblastic

A

having two cell layers

52
Q

sessile

A

resting on the bottom

53
Q

alternation of generations

A

the alternation of haploid and diploid stages in the life cycle of sexual organisms

54
Q

acoelomate

A

an animal which lacks a cavity between the outer body wall and the gut

55
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

an organism with a body cavity derived from endoderm on one side and mesoderm on the other

56
Q

schizocoelous

A

the formation of the coelom from the splitting of the mesoderm

57
Q

blastopore

A

the opening of the archenteron in the gastrula

58
Q

enterocoelous

A

development in which the coelom is formed from gut tissue

59
Q

zooplankton

A

the community of small animals suspended in the water column of marine and freshwater habitats

60
Q

notochord

A

a) a cartilaginous structure that establishes a dorsal axis in a developing embryo and may later take part in the formation of the vertebrae
b) a flexible rod running the length of the body in the embryos of all chordates

61
Q

axial skeleton

A

skeletal features of the head, neck, and trunk

62
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

skeletal features of the appendages

63
Q

superclass

A

an informal taxonomic division above the level of class and below the level of the phylum

64
Q

polyspermy

A

the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm

65
Q

depolarization

A

an electrical charge which occurs when the inside of a cell is made less negative than the outside of the cell compared to its resting membrane potential

66
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg that is diploid

67
Q

blastocoel

A

the cavity inside of the blastula

68
Q

gastrula

A

the three-layered structure that results after the blastula undergoes gastrulation

69
Q

model organism

A

an organism that is intensively studied by many researchers asking many different questions and that is chosen to provide information that can direct research in other less-studied species

70
Q

maternal cytoplasmic factors

A

molecules of mRNA or protein in an egg that are the products of the mother’s genome, are distributed to the egg’s cytoplasm by follicle cells, and direct traits expressed in the offspring

71
Q

F1

A

first filial generation, the progeny of a cross between two parents

72
Q

F2

A

F2: second filial generation, the progeny of the cross between F1 offspring

73
Q

maternal-effect gene

A

a gene whose phenotype is expressed in offspring of the mother possessing it, through provisioning of the egg cytoplasm with maternal mRNA or protein

74
Q

morphogen

A

a diffusable substance that by its concentration gradient will determine the pattern of development in an organism

75
Q

gap genes

A

genes that are responsible for gross subdivision of the embryo, or groups of adjacent segments in the developing embryo

76
Q

pair-rule genes

A

genes that are responsible for whole sets of alternate segments

77
Q

segment-polarity genes

A

genes that control the anterior-posterior polarity of every segment

78
Q

homeotic genes

A

genes whose mutations cause one part of a body to develop as if it were in another part of the body

AP Biology (14 decks)

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