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AP Biology > Chapter 12: Animal Systems and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Animal Systems and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the physiological condition in which the body maintains stable internal conditions

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2
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

the opposite flow of adjacent fluid that maximizes heat transfer, or transfer rates between fluids

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3
Q

set point

A

the optimal value of a physiological variable

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4
Q

positive feedback

A

a homeostatic response to a stimulus in which the effector exaggerates the stimulus

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5
Q

negative feedback

A

a homeostatic response to a stimulus in which the effector removes the stimulus

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6
Q

endotherms

A

organisms that use internal energy to maintain a constant body temperature (ex: mammals and birds)

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7
Q

ectotherms

A

organisms that use external energy or behavior to maintain body temperature (ex: reptiles or invertebrates)

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8
Q

histology

A

the microscopic structure of plant and animal tissues, and the branch of biology that studies this

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9
Q

matrix

A

an embedding material

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10
Q

collagen

A

common protein present in connective tissues

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11
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process in which a cell engulfs extracellular particles by surrounding them with extensions of the plasma membrane

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12
Q

lacuna

A

a gap or cavity

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13
Q

Haversian system

A

a unit of bone consisting of concentric layers of bone, a central Haversian canal with a blood vessel, and a system of microscopic interconnecting canals

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14
Q

sphincter

A

a circular muscle that surrounds an opening and regulates entry and exit

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15
Q

peristalsis

A

the rhythmic, involuntary contraction of the digestive tract

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16
Q

neuron

A

a cell type in nervous tissue that is specialized to initiate and transmit nerve impulses

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17
Q

neuroglia

A

a group of cells associated with neurons that perform various support functions (hint: “neuron glue”)

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18
Q

zymogen

A

inactive form of a digestive enzyme

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19
Q

villi

A

the finger-like projections lining the small intestine fundamental to absorption

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20
Q

lacteal

A

a small vessel of the lymphatic system that transports lymph

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21
Q

chylomicrons

A

small globules (formed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine) composed of fats mixed with cholesterol and coated with special proteins

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22
Q

enterogastrones

A

hormones secreted by the wall of the duodenum

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23
Q

egestion

A

getting rid of left over, undigested materials

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24
Q

excretion

A

getting rid of a metabolic product, such as CO2

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25
Q

mutualistic symbiont

A

the smaller participant in a relationship that benefits both organisms

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26
Q

cnidaria

A

a phylum of radially symmetrical organisms including the jellyfish, anemones, and corals

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27
Q

polychaetes

A

a member of a class of mostly marine worms (Polychaeta) in the phylum Annelida

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28
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

a ventilation system that works like a suction pump that pulls air into the lungs

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29
Q

diaphragm

A

the sheet of visceral muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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30
Q

myoglobin

A

an oxygen-storing protein similar to hemoglobin that is exclusively found in muscles

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31
Q

buffer

A

a substance that minimizes changes in pH by adding or removing H+ from the solution

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32
Q

EKG

A

output from a medical procedure which measures electrical impulses in the heart

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33
Q

endothelium

A

inner lining of tightly packed cell

34
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument used to measure blood pressure

35
Q

collagen

A

the most abundant protein in the body. It forms strong fibers involved in the clotting process.

36
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis) reactions in the body

37
Q

urea

A

nitrogenous waste that is metabolized by bacteria and forms ammonia

38
Q

deamination

A

the removal of an amino group from a molecule

39
Q

renal

A

of or pertaining to the kidneys

40
Q

nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney consisting of a long tubule and associated capillaries

41
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the fluid filling the space between cells in vertebrate

42
Q

pus

A

a fluid containing dead white blood cells

43
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cell

44
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

45
Q

antigen

A

any chemical that is foreign to an organism and that causes an immune response; an antibody generator

46
Q

effector cells

A

lymphocytes that do not further differentiate

47
Q

clonal selection theory

A

the scientific theory in immunology that explains the functions of cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system in response to specific antigens invading the body

48
Q

CD4

A

a cell-surface protein found on helper T cells that enhances the interaction between an antigen presenting cell (macrophage) and the helper T cell

49
Q

interleukin I

A

a protein secreted by antigen-presenting macrophages that activates the helper T

50
Q

cytokines

A

proteins or peptides that stimulate other lymphocytes

51
Q

vaccine

A

a harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates an immune response against the actual pathogen

52
Q

introns

A

non-coding sequences found within genes

53
Q

mesentery

A

a large, tangled mass of blood vessels in the small intestine, which allow food to be absorbed into the bloodstream and feul the body

54
Q

signal transduction pathways

A

mechanisms that link a chemical or mechanical stimulus to a cellular response

55
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones targeted towards other endocrine glands

56
Q

menstrual cycle

A

a reproductive cycle in higher female primates characterized by the shedding of the nonpregnant endometrium

57
Q

estrous cycle

A

a reproductive cycle characterized by the reabsorption of the nonpregnant endometrium

58
Q

dendrites

A

fibrous extensions of a nerve cell that receive input

59
Q

myelin sheath

A

formed from Schwann cells wrapped around an axon

60
Q

reflex

A

inborn, automatic response

61
Q

synapse

A

the space between the dendrite of one neuron and the axon of another neuron

62
Q

voltage

A

a difference in potential

63
Q

depolarization

A

an electrical state that takes place when the inside of a cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting potential

64
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

passageways made of protein that allow ions to enter and exit the cell under certain conditions

65
Q

threshold potential

A

the membrane potential (voltage) at which the gates swing open

66
Q

endorphin

A

neurotransmitter that acts as a natural painkiller

67
Q

ganglion

A

an aggregation of nerves external to the brain or spinal cord

68
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

a nervous system made up of a brain along with one or two longitudinal nerve cords

69
Q

brain

A

a concentration of ganglia in one location of an animal’s body, usually the head

70
Q

autonomic

A

describes a body function that occurs automatically

71
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

regions where neurons and muscles meet

72
Q

T tubules

A

deep infoldings of the plasma membrane into the interior of a muscle cell

73
Q

tropomyosin

A

a long protein that blocks myosin binding sites on the actin filament

74
Q

rhodopsin

A

the most ubiquitous light-sensing protein in animals

75
Q

statolith

A

“stationary stone”; a structure acquired from the environment (usually a grain of sand) that stimulates mechanoreceptors in the statocyst or other balance organ in some invertebrates

76
Q

otoliths

A

“ear stones”; structures made of calcium carbonate in the vertebrate ear that aid in the detection of movement

77
Q

cupula

A

a gelatinous organ that functions in maintaining balance

78
Q

middle ear

A

the region of the ear between the tympanic membrane and the oval and round windows, containing the malleus, incus, and stapes, the bones that conduct and amplify sound vibrations

79
Q

inner ear

A

the fluid-filled cochlea that conducts sound vibrations and contains the basilar membrane, the basis for pitch discrimination, and the organ of Corti that translate vibration into nerve impulses

80
Q

organ of Corti

A

a structure in the inner ear containing hair cells that translate vibration into action potential in the auditory nerves

81
Q

action potential

A

a rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell

AP Biology (14 decks)

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