Post-Midterm 1

Question 1

What is experience-expectant growth?

Answer 1

Ordinary experiences “Expected” by brain to grow normally. Occurs early and naturally.

Question 2

What is experience-dependent growth?

Answer 2

Specific experience, varies widely across cultures. Rushing early learning can overwhelm young brains.

Question 3

When does sleeping patterns move to an adult-like night and day schedule?

Answer 3

during the first year

Question 4

When does sleep need to decline?

Answer 4

Sleep needs to decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.

Question 5

When do night wakings increase?

Answer 5

Increase between the ages of 1.5 and 2 years, and then decline.

Question 6

What are sleeping patterns affected by?

Answer 6

Brain development and social environment.

Question 7

Cosleeping is the norm for __% of the world’s population?

Answer 7

90%

Question 8

What cultural values strongly influence sleeping arrangements?

Answer 8

Cultural values from collectivism versus individualism

Question 9

What is cosleeping like in the united states?

Answer 9

Increasing, perhaps because more mothers are breastfeeding.

Question 10

What are three important influences on early growth?

Answer 10

Heredity, nutrition, emotional well-being.

Question 11

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

Answer 11

Correct fat-protein balance, nutritionally complete, promotes healthy growth patterns, disease protection, better jaw and tooth development, ensures digestibility, easier transition to solid food.

Question 12

Are chubby babies at risk for later obesity?

Answer 12

Research shows a relationship between rapid weight gain infancy and later obesity.

Question 13

What should you do to prevent chubby babies?

Answer 13

Breastfeed for six months, avoid foods loaded with sugar, salt and saturated fats, promote physical exercise, limit TV viewing time.

Question 14

What are the types of malnutrition?

Answer 14

Marasmus, Kwashiorkor, Iron-deficiency anemia, food insecurity.

Question 15

What are the consequences of malnutrition?

Answer 15

Physical symptoms, growth and weight problems, poor motor development, learning and attention problems, passivity, irritability, anxiety.

Question 16

_________ is as vital as food for healthy physical growth.

Answer 16

Affection

Question 17

What happens to infants whose weight, heigh and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms?

Answer 17

Growth faltering.

Question 18

What can disturb a childs emotional well-being?

Answer 18

Infants are withdrawn and apathetic, often a result of disturbed parent-child relationship, unhappy marriage or parental psychological disturbance may be at fault, may cause lasting cognitive and emotional difficulties.

Question 19

Psychosocial dwarfism, failure to thrive

Answer 19

textbook I think.

Question 20

What is a reinforcer?

Answer 20

Increases probability of behaviour occurring again. Presenting desirable stimulus and removing unpleasant stimulus.

Question 21

What is punishment?

Answer 21

Reduces probability of behaviour occurring again. Presenting an unpleasant stimulus and removing a desirable stimulus.

Question 22

_________ is a powerful method of learning.

Answer 22

Imitation

Question 23

When is it difficult to induce imitation in babies?

Answer 23

More difficult at ages 2 to 3 months old rather than right after birth.

Question 24

What do mirror neurons do?

Answer 24

Enable us to observe another person’s behaviour while simulating that behaviour in our own brain.

Question 25

What is gross motor development?

Answer 25

Crawling, standing, walking

Question 26

What is fine motor development?

Answer 26

Reaching and grasping

Question 27

What are the four factors in each new skill (motor skills as a dynamic system)?

Answer 27

1. CNS develop,met
2. Body’s movement capacity
3. Child’s goals
4. Environmental supports

Question 28

How do home environments and infant rearing practices effect motor development?

Answer 28

• Some cultures discourage rapid motor progress
• Kenya and West Indians of Jamaica teach early motor skills
• Western parents consider crawling and “tummy time” essential, but not all cultures do

Question 29

What are the milestones of reaching?

Answer 29

Newborn: pre-reaching
3-4 months: Reaching with ulnar grasp
4-5 months: Transfer object from hand to hand
9 months: pincer grasp

Question 30

When is toilet training best delated?

Answer 30

Until the months following their second birthday.

Question 31

What are effective training techniques for bowel and bladder control?

Answer 31

Establishing regular toiling routines. Using gentle encouragement. Praising children for their effort.

Question 32

What ages do we see improvements in vision?

Answer 32

2-4 months: focus and colour vision
6 months: acuity, scanning and tracking
6-7 months: depth perception

Question 33

What are the steps in depth perception?

Answer 33

Birth - 1 month: Sensitivity to motion cues
2-3 months: Sensitivity to binocular cues
6-7 months: Sensitivity to pictorial cues and wariness of heights