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SOCIOLOGY > Unit test 1 - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Unit test 1 - Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

Plausible explanation of how facts or events are related

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2
Q

The Enlightenment

A

1650-1799

  • Challenged years of Christian teachings
  • Challenged beliefs guided in tradition
  • Resulted in the ability of the masses to challenge their oppressors
  • Sociology was born out of the conversation reaction against enlightenment thinking
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3
Q

Functionalism

A

Social world is a dynamic system

  • interrelated and interdependent parts
  • Social structures exist to help fulfil wants and desires
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4
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Founder of modern sociology

-Behaviour is driven by the collective conscience

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5
Q

Talcott Parsons

A
  • Explaining why people do what they do

- Social action theory; framework which tries to separate behaviours from actions

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6
Q

4 functional imperatives

A
  1. Adaptation
  2. Goal Attainment
  3. Integration
  4. Latency
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7
Q

Conflict theory

A
  • Society is grounded upon inequality & competition
  • Power is the core of all social relationships
  • Powerful elites promote their own interests
  • Rooted in writings of Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau
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8
Q

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

A
  • Dialectics & Idealism
  • Human consciousness & human interaction with the material world could change society
  • Relations of production based on power
  • Base/superstructure; dynamic relationship between the material and social elements of society
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9
Q

Dialectics

A

Seeing history & society as the result of oppositions, contradictions and tensions from which social change can emerge

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10
Q

Idealism

A

Human mind & consciousness are more important in understanding the human condition than is the material world

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11
Q

Marx & Engels.. Base

A

Material & economic foundation for society, includes the forces and relations of production

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12
Q

Marx & Engels.. Superstructure

A

All of the things that society values and aspires to once its material needs are met. Includes religion, politics and law

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13
Q

Alienation

A

Process by which workers are disconnected from what they produce

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14
Q

Exploitation

A

The difference between what workers are paid and the wealth they create for the owners

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15
Q

Ideology

A

A set of beliefs and values that support and justify the ruling class of society

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16
Q

False Consciousness

A

Belief in and support of the system that oppresses you

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17
Q

Class Consciousness

A

Recognition of domination and oppression & the collective action that occurs to address it

18
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • People act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them; and meaning is derived from social interaction & modified through interpretation
  • micro versus macro approach
19
Q

Ritzer’s principles of symbolic interactionism

A
  1. Humans have the capacity for thought
  2. Human thinking is shaped by social interaction
  3. People learn meanings & symbols in social settings
  4. Meaning & symbols enable people to carry on uniquely human actions and interactions
  5. Meanings and symbols can change with interpretation
  6. Unique ability to interact with self
  7. Culmination of interaction and patterns of action make up society
20
Q

Max Weber

A

Verstehen: A deep understanding and interpretation of subjective social meanings

21
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

-Mind, self and society;
The social organism is not an organic individual but a social group of individual organisms
-Human mind results from the individual’s ability to respond and engage with the environment

22
Q

Charles H. Cooley

A
  • Sympathetic Introspection
  • Looking-glass self
  • self-fulfilling prophecy
23
Q

Sympathetic Introspection

A

putting yourself in someone else’s shoes

24
Q

Looking-glass self

A

we develop our self image through the cues we receive from others

25
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

internalized impressions lead us to become the kind of person we believe others see us as

26
Q

Contributions by women; Marginalized voices

A

-Wollstonecraft, Martineau, MacLean

27
Q

Contributions by visible minorities; Marginalized voices

A

-Cooper, Well-Barnett, Du Bois

28
Q

Contributions by non-western scholars; Marginalized voices

A

-Fanon, James, Padmore, Nkrumah

29
Q

What are modern social theories?

A
  • Should not be thought of as completely separate from classical theories
  • Draw on each other’s work in their formulations
  • Theme of power runs through modern theories; anti-racist theories, feminist theories, etc.
30
Q

Western Marxism

A 
Antonio Gramsci - diverged from Marx in his analysis of HOW the ruling class ruled 
Marx - Domination; physical/violent coercion
31
Q

Western Marxism; Gramsci - Hegemony

A
  • Ideological control and manipulation
  • Society’s dominant ideas reflect interests of ruling class
  • Involves consent
  • used as a way to explain how particular features of social organization come to be taken for granted and treated as common sense
32
Q

Superstructure divided into state & civil society

A

-prevailing consciousness internalized by population and becomes common sense

33
Q

Feminist Theories

A
  • No single feminist theory
  • Yet same core concern for gender oppression
    • women & men should be equals
    • men have social power and thus an interest in maintaining their social privilege over women
  • Dorothy Smith - second wave feminist
  • bell hooks - a third wave feminist
34
Q

Dorothy Smith; Sociology for women

A
  • Everyday world as problematic
  • begins in ‘actualities’ of people’s lives
  • standpoint - preserves the presence of the subject as an active and experiencing person
  • Ruling Relations
  • Complex relations/multiple sites
  • same set of social relations that produces men’s privilege also produces women’s oppression
  • Differs from that of macrosociology
35
Q

Bell Hooks

A

Black Feminist thought

  • Criticized feminist theorizing that automatically positions households as places of patriarchal oppression for women
  • hooks argues against universal assumptions about women’s experiences
36
Q

Michel Foucault’s Post structuralism

A
  • Concerned with how knowledge is socially produced
  • Power, knowledge, and discourse
  • Power created within social relationships
  • Knowledge can never be separated from relations of power
  • Discourses guide how we think, act and speak
37
Q

Discipline; Post Structuralism

A
  • How we come to be motivated to produce particular realities
  • Power operates by producing some behaviours while discouraging others
  • Works through surveillance
38
Q

Normalization

A

A social process by which some practices and ways of living are deemed normal and others abnormal

39
Q

Queer Theory

A
  • Problematizes the standard of equality based on sameness

- Three main ideas; Desire, language, identity

40
Q

Queer theory; desire

A

Aim to disrupt categories of normal & acceptable sexuality

41
Q

Queer theory; language

A
  • Unable to capture whole truth of reality

- Normal vs. abnormal

42
Q

Queer theory; Identity

A
  • Social production

- Constructed through social relations and discourse

SOCIOLOGY (6 decks)

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