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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Module 14: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Module 14: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what two systems are responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

A

endocrine and nervous

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2
Q

is a mediator molecule secreted from one part of the body that circulates via the body fluids to cells in another part of the body

A

hormone

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3
Q

where are hormones initially secreted

A

interstitial fluid, then to the bloodstream

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4
Q

the study of endocrine and hormones is called

A

endocrinology

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5
Q

molecules can be both ____ and _____

A

neurotransmitters, hormones

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6
Q

hormone receptors are simply

A

cellular proteins

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7
Q

increased responsiveness by increasing receptor numbers

A

up-regulation

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8
Q

decreased responsiveness by decreasing receptor numbers

A

down-regulation

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9
Q

hormones secreted into the interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

A

circulating hormones

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10
Q

hormones secreted into the interstitial fluid that act on neighboring cells

A

paracrines

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11
Q

hormones secreted into the interstitial fluid that act on the same cell that secreted it

A

autocrines

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12
Q

what are the three examples of lipid-soluble hormones

A

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
nitric oxide (gas)

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13
Q

what are the three examples of water-soluble hormones

A

amines
peptides & proteins
eicosanoids

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14
Q

what are characteristics of water-soluble hormones?

A

freely circulate in bloodstream

can’t pass through cell membrane

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15
Q

what are characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

mostly carried in blood by transport proteins

can freely diffuse through cell membrane

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16
Q

what are three examples of second messengers?

A

ca++ ions
cAMP
cGMP

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17
Q

when the hormone output reverses a particular effect it is what homeostatic loop?

A

negative feedback loop

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18
Q

when the hormone output reinforces the stimulus effect it is what homeostatic loop

A

positive feedback loop

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19
Q

action of one hormone requires the presence of another

A

permissive effect

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20
Q

the effects of two hormones acting together is greater than one acting alone

A

synergistic effect

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21
Q

one hormone opposes the action of another

A

antagonistic effect

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22
Q

is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

what connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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24
Q

the anterior pituitary is also referred to as the

A

adenohypophysis

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25
Q

the posterior lobe is also referred to as

A

neurohypophysis

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26
Q

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

blood vessels

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27
Q

how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

nerves

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28
Q

where are the hormones from the posterior pituitary produced

A

neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus

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29
Q

hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis

A

releasing hormones

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30
Q

hormones from the hypothalamus that inhibit the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis

A

inhibiting hormones

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31
Q

hormones from the adenohypophysis that act on other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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32
Q

what are the seven hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A 
hGH,
TSH, 
FSH, 
LH, 
PRL, 
MSH, 
ACTH
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33
Q

what is the function of hGH

A

stimulates growth of body cells

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34
Q

what is the function of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid gland

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35
Q

what is the function of ACTH

A

stimulates cortex of adrenal gland

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36
Q

what is the function of FSH

A

ova/sperm development and production

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37
Q

what is the function of LH

A

maturation of uterine lining, testosterone, production, and ovulation.

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38
Q

what is the function of PRL

A

lactation of mammary glands

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39
Q

what is the function of MSH

A

darkens melanocytes

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40
Q

over-production is referred to as

A

hypersecretion

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41
Q

under-production is referred to as

A

hyposecretion

42
Q

is cause by hypo secretion of hGH during childhood. the epiphyseal plates will close before the child achieves a normal height.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

43
Q

is caused by hyper secretion of hGH during childhood. patient will be very tall. main cause is tumor of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Giantism (pituitary)

44
Q

is a disorder caused by excessive HGH secretion; the problems occur during adulthood after a person is done growing; after epiphyseal plate closure, one ceases to grow linearly

A

acromegaly

45
Q

what hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin

ADH (vasopressin)

46
Q

targets smooth muscle in the uterus and breasts. uterine contractions, and in response to sucking from an infant “milk letdown”

A

oxytocin

47
Q

causes arterioles to constrict thereby increase BP, and targets collecting ducts in the kidneys and sweat gland for retention of water

A

ADH (vasopressin)

48
Q

where are osmoreceptors and what do they do

A

hypothalamus; monitor blood osmotic pressure

49
Q

what are the three targets of osmoreceptors

A

kidneys
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
smooth muscle cells of blood vessels

50
Q

hypo secretion of ADH

A

Diabetes Insipidus

51
Q

insufficient production or secretion of ADH

A

Neurogenic DI

52
Q

diminished renal response to the ADH that is produced

A

Nephrogenic DI

53
Q

where is the problem in Neurogenic DI

A

hypothalamus (insufficient production or secretion of ADH)

54
Q

where is the problem in Nephrogenic DI

A

kidneys (Diminished renal response to the ADH that is produced)

55
Q

the tissue connection between the two lobes of the thyroid

A

isthmus

56
Q

an enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

goiter

57
Q

formerly called cretinism; a low growth rate and mental retardation due to the synergistic relationship between the thyroid hormones and human growth hormones; hypothyroidism in children

A

Congenital hypthyroidism

58
Q

hypothyroidism in adults; causes dry brittle hair, dry skin due to decrease perspiration, gain weight easily, diminished intelligence

A

myxedema

59
Q

hyperthyroidism. an autoimmune disease that results in product of antibodies against TSH receptors.

A

Graves disease

60
Q

what are two symptoms of graves disease

A

exopthalmos

goiter

61
Q

what part of the thyroid is T3 & T4 produced

A

thyroid folllicular cells

62
Q

what part of the thyroid gland is calcitonin produced

A

parafollicular cells (c cells)

63
Q

what does calcitonin do to the blood

A

inhibits osteoclastic activity therefore decreasing blood calcium and phosphate levels

64
Q

what part of the parathyroid secretes parathyroid hormones

A

chief (principal) cells

65
Q

what does PTH’s action

A

Increases blood ca+ and Mg by stimulating osteoclastic activity
decreases blood phosphate and calcitriol

66
Q

what is calcitonin’s action

A

increases blood phosphate and calcitriol

decreases blood calcium and magnesium

67
Q

chromaffin cells of the medulla are controlled by

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons from the CNS

68
Q

what are the three functional zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

69
Q

what is the zona glomerulosa responsible for

A

produces and secretes the mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

70
Q

what is the zone fasciculata responsible for

A

produces and secretes the glucocorticoids (cortisol)

71
Q

what is the zona reticularis responsible for

A

produces and secretes the gonadocorticoids (androgens)

72
Q

in females androgens are also converted to

A

estrogens

73
Q

hypo secretion of cortisol. an autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. results in low BG, low blood Na+, High blood K+, and low BP

A

Addison’s disease

74
Q

hyper secretion of cortisol, high BG, poor wound healing, HTN, and redistribution of body fats

A

Cushing Disease/ Syndrome

75
Q

is a benign tumor of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla; results from hypersecretion

A

pheochromocytoma

76
Q

provide exocrine function of the pancreas

A

acini cells

77
Q

provide endocrine function of the pancreas

A

pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans

78
Q

cells that secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells

79
Q

cells that secrete insulin

A

Beta cells

80
Q

cells that secrete somatostatin

A

Delta ( D cell )

81
Q

cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cells

82
Q

what are the two types of diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1, Juvenile onset, and insulin dependent

Type 2, Adult onset, and non-insulin dependent

83
Q

low blood sugar may result in

A

Insulin Shock

84
Q

high blood sugar may result in

A

Diabetic Coma

85
Q

results from destruction of beta cells. lower than 50% autoimmune. environmental factors thought to be a cause

A

type 1 diabetes

86
Q

patients produce less insulin and don’t utilize what they produce appropriately down-regulation of insulin receptors

A

type 2 diabetes

87
Q

where a patient doesn’t have any available glucose due to a complete lack of insulin. rely on fatty acid metabolism for their ATP production

A

ketoacidosis (increase in ketones and acids)

88
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce

A

estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
relaxin

89
Q

what hormones do the testes produce

A

testosterone

90
Q

attached to the top of the third ventricle. epithalamus

A

pineal gland

91
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

92
Q

what is the function of melatonin

A

circadian rhythms

93
Q

other related hormones from the thymus gland encourage the maturation of T-lymphocytes

A

thymosin

94
Q

anything that causes stress

A

stressor

95
Q

heightens responsiveness and helps increase concentration. good stress

A

eustress

96
Q

stress that has a negative effect is called, and is always harmful

A

distress

97
Q

GAS

A

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

98
Q

what are the three stages of the stress response or GAS

A

fight-or-flight
resistance reaction
exhaustion

99
Q

body is trying to quickly activate mechanisms to allow an immediate physical response; alarm reaction

A

fight-or-flight

100
Q

also initiated by the hypothalamus, but in this case by secreting the releasing hormones, easily predict the results; coping reaction

A

resistance reaction

101
Q

the body’s resources have become so depleted, they can’t maintain a resistance reaction/ response; signs and symptoms, exceed coping mechanism

A

Exhaustion phase

102
Q

what are the characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones

A

diffuse through the cell membrane
bind to a receptor and create and complex
receptor is on the DNA/nucleus
do not require a messenger

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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