Innate and Learned Behavior

Question 1

Define innate behavior

Answer 1

behavior inherited from parents; controlled by genes

Question 2

What are the two basic kinds of movement seen in invertebrate animals?

Answer 2

taxis and kinesis

Question 3

Define taxis

Answer 3

a directed response to a stimulus

Question 4

Define chemotaxis

Answer 4

response to chemicals in the environment

Question 5

Define phototaxis

Answer 5

response to light

Question 6

Define gravitaxis

Answer 6

response to gravity

Question 7

Define rheotaxis

Answer 7

response to water current

Question 8

Define thigmotaxis

Answer 8

response to touch

Question 9

What are two invertebrates used to investigate taxes?

Answer 9

planaria and euglena

Question 10

Define kinesis

Answer 10

a movement in response to a non-directional stimulus

Question 11

Define orthokinesis

Answer 11

when an organism moves slowly or rapidly (changes speed) in response to a stimulus

Question 12

Define klinokinesis

Answer 12

when an organism turns slowly or rapidly in response to a stimulus

Question 13

What organism can be used to test kinesis?

Answer 13

isopods

Question 14

What controls the reflexes?

Answer 14

autonomic nervous system

Question 15

What are the five components of a reflex arc?

Answer 15

receptor cell, sensory neuron, a relay neuron in the spinal cord, and a motor neuron which carries the message to the effector

Question 16

Describe the pain reflex (7)

Answer 16

Receptor cell receive the stimulus
The receptors detect a stimulus and generate a nerve impulse in the sensory neuron
The sensory neurons carry the impulse towards the spinal cord
The axon of the sensory neuron enters the spinal cord and sends a chemical message across synapse to a relay neuron
The relay neurone synapses with the motor neuron and transfers the impulse across the synapse
The motor neuron carries the impulse to an effector
AN effector in an organ that performs the response

Question 17

How the process of learning can improve the chances of survival?

Answer 17

LEARNING: allows an individual to respond to change in the environment, to adjust their behaviour accordingly and increase their chance of survival.

Question 18

Define operant conditioning

Answer 18

Operant conditioning - the use of consequences to modify behaviour

Question 19

Define classical conditioning

Answer 19

Classical conditioning - pairing of a stimuli with a previous neutral stimulus

Question 20

Define observation

Answer 20

Observation - watching repeated behaviour which in turn modifies their own behaviour

Question 21

Define imprinting

Answer 21

Imprinting - learning which occurs at a specific stage of life which is rapid

Question 22

Describe Pavlov’s experiments

Answer 22

Used to train dogs

1. Unconditional stimuli and response - automatic response to a stimuli (dogs salivate at sight of food)
2. Neutral stimuli - a stimuli which does not cause a response (ringing a bell)
3. Conditioning - neutral and unconditional stimuli used together (dog begins to associate bell with food and salivates)
4. Conditioned stimulus and response - ringing bell without food causes dog to salivate