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SOCI 388 > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

The biological hardwiring of humans

A

Nature

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2
Q

Socialization =

A

Nuture

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3
Q

Assumes people choose to commit crime after calculating whether or its rewards outweigh the risks

A

Rational choice theory

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4
Q

Assumes potential and actual punishment can deter crime

A

Deterrence theory

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5
Q

4 types of deterrence

A
  1. ) General
  2. ) Specific
  3. ) Objective
  4. ) Subjective
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6
Q

Occurs when members of public decide not to break the law because they fear punishment

A

General deterrence

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7
Q

Occurs when offenders already punished decide not to commit another crime

A

Specific deterrence

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8
Q

Impact of actual legal punishment

A

Objective deterrence

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9
Q

Impact of people’s perceptions of likelihood and severity of legal punishment

A

Subjective deterrence

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10
Q

Evidence on deterrence theory is _______

A

Inconsistent

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11
Q

2 common 19th century views

A
  1. ) Phrenology

2. ) Atavism

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12
Q

Franz Gall came up with which 19th century view?

A

Phrenology

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13
Q

Cesare Lombroso, the founder of positivist school came up with which 19th century view?

A

Atavism

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14
Q

Phrenology

A

3 major portions of the brain and that the lower type was associated with criminal behavior

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15
Q

Through phrenology Franz Gall thought that the size of the brain could…

A

Be determined through skull size and shape

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16
Q

T/F

Lombroso was influenced by Darwin

A

True

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17
Q

Atavism

A

Criminals are throwbacks to earlier stage of evolution

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18
Q

Women more likely to be atavists but less likely to commit crime because…

A

Women are naturally passive and more like children

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19
Q

2 early twentieth century views

A
  1. ) Biological inferiority

2. ) Somatology

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20
Q

Biological inferiority was brought up by…

A

Earnest Hooton

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21
Q

Somatology was brought up by…

A

William Sheldon

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22
Q

Earnest Hooton advocated for…

A

Sterilization of criminals or exile

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23
Q

5 contemporary explanations

A
  1. ) Family, heredity and genes
  2. ) Neurochemical factors
  3. ) Diet and nutrition
  4. ) Pregnancy and birth complications
  5. ) Early puberty
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24
Q

Crime arises from _______ _______ from early childhood

A

Internal distrubances

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25
Q

Mental disorders derive from conflict between _______ & ______ of the individual

A

Society & instinctive needs

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26
Q

T/F

Psychoanalytic explanations limited in explaining criminal behavior

A

True

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27
Q

Who looked at the mental and moral development in children and came up with the four stages of development?

A

Jean Piaget

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28
Q

4 Stages of development in children

A
  1. ) Sensorimotor
  2. ) Preoperational
  3. ) Concrete operations
  4. ) Formal operations
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29
Q

11-15 years, abstract ideas

A

Formal opterations

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30
Q

2-7 years, learning languages, drawing other skills

A

Preoperational

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31
Q

Birth to 2 years, learn through senses

A

Sensorimotor

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32
Q

7-11 years, logical thinking and problem solving

A

Concrete operations

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33
Q

Ability to distinguish right from wrong is which theory?

A

Moral development theory by Kohlberg

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34
Q

In the early stages moral reasoning is related solely to…

A

Punishment

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35
Q

Later stages begin to realize what 2 things?

A
  1. ) Society has rules

2. ) Parents have rules

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36
Q

People recognize universal moral principles ______ laws of any one society

A

Supercede

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37
Q

Low IQ is linked to __________

A

Delinquency

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38
Q

Ink blot tests showed greater personality problems in delinquents

A

Glueck research

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39
Q

Durkheim’s four functions of crime are?

A
  1. ) Affirms a society’s norms and values
  2. ) Helps clarify the line between right and wrong
  3. ) Brings people together
  4. ) Encourages social change
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40
Q

Breakdown in social bonds and social control

A

Social Disorganization

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41
Q

Park and Burgess - concentric zones of the city

A

Social Ecology

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42
Q

Social ecology

A

Ethnic and racial backgrounds of inner zone residents changed during this time

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43
Q

T/F

Delinquency rates rose after moving to outlying areas (Away from inner zones)

A

False - they fell

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44
Q

New research generally finds crime and victimization highest in neighborhoods with…

A
  1. ) Low participation in voluntary organizations
  2. ) Few networks of friendship ties
  3. ) Low levels of community supervision of adolescents
  4. ) High degrees of residential mobility
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45
Q

Rodney Stark dealt with deviant places which looked at…

A

Kinds of places v. kinds of people

46
Q

Who came up with Strain/anomie theory?

A

Robert Merton

47
Q

Society defines being successful in terms of certain goals but does not always provide the means to reach goals

A

Strain/Anomie Theory

48
Q

5 outcomes of Strain theory

A
  1. ) Conformity
  2. ) Innovation
  3. ) Ritualism
  4. ) Retreatism
  5. ) Rebellion
49
Q

Who came up with General Strain Theory

A

Robert Agnew

50
Q

Which theory broadens anomie theory’s focus beyond economic goals and success as well as removes positive stimuli?

A

General Strain Theory

51
Q

Who came up with Subculture theories?

A

Albert K Cohen

52
Q

School failure and delinquent subcultures and status frustration falls under which theory?

A

Subculture theories

53
Q

Who came up with Focal Concerns?

A

Walter B. Miller

54
Q

Attributed failure to lower-class subculture itself

A

Focal Concerns

55
Q

Differential Opportunity theory was brought about who?

A

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

56
Q

Argued there is a differential access to illegitimate means or illegitimate opportunity structures

A

Differential opportunity theory

57
Q

Differential opportunity theory is applied to what specific group of people?

A

Poor urban males in delinquent gangs

58
Q

What 2 people came up with the subculture of violence?

A

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti

59
Q

Explains high level of violence among lower-class, nonwhite and especially black urban males

A

Subculture of violence theory

60
Q

Structural theories seem to neglect…

A

The gender issue

61
Q

3 Social process theories

A
  1. ) Learning theories
  2. ) Control theories
  3. ) Life-course theories
62
Q

Edwin H. Sutherland

A

Differential Associaton

63
Q

This learning theory says criminal behavior is learned within intimate personal groups

A

Differential association

64
Q

Daniel Glaser

A

Differential Identification

65
Q

This learning theory rests on notion of reference groups, learning criminal behavior can occur without interacting with the group influencing you

A

Differential Identification

66
Q

With differential identification people pursue criminal behavior to the extent they…

A

Identify with members of reference groups who engage in criminal behavior

67
Q

Who came up with the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

68
Q

Aggressive tendencies are learned through a process of rewards for such tendencies and imitation of aggressive behavior

A

Social learning theory

69
Q

Differential reinforcement was thought up by

A

Burgess and Akers

70
Q

Criminal behavior and attitudes are more likely to be learned if they are rewarded by friends and/or family; when the rewards for criminal behavior outweigh the rewards for conforming behavior, differential reinforcement occurs and the criminal behavior is learned - is which learning theory?

A

Differential Reinforcement

71
Q

Who came up with containment theory?

A

Walter Reckless

72
Q

Inner and outer containments help prevent juvenile offending are part of which control theory?

A

Containment theory

73
Q

Positive self-concept, tolerance for frustration, ability to set realistic goals

A

Inner containments

74
Q

Institutions such as family are..

A

Outer containments

75
Q

Individual conscience, commitment to law, positive self-concept

A

Personal controls

76
Q

Attachments to and involvement in conventional social institutions

A

Social controls

77
Q

Who came up with the control theory, neutralization and drift?

A

Gresham Sykes and David Matza

78
Q

Need to neutralize guilt before committing crime, drift in and out of delinquency

A

Neutralization and drift

79
Q

Who came up with the control theory - Social Bonding Theory

A

Travis Hirschi

80
Q

Bonds to conventional social institutions may keep us from committing crime

A

Social bonding theory

81
Q

4 elements of social bond

A
  1. ) Attachment
  2. ) Commitment
  3. ) Involvement
  4. ) Belief
82
Q

3 Sociodemographic factors and social bond theory

A
  1. ) Gender
  2. ) Race and class
  3. ) Age
83
Q

Who came up with Self-Control theory?

A

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi

84
Q

All crime stems from one problem - lack of self-control (resulting from ineffective child rearing) reduce crime will involve improving child rearing

A

Self control theory

85
Q

Who came up with Control Balance theory

A

Charles R. Tittle

86
Q

Which theory says that individuals are less likely to engage in deviance when they have a balance of control

A

Control Balance theory

87
Q

The control surplus is…

A

Corporate executives

88
Q

The control deficit is…

A

Urban poor

89
Q

Who came up with the Coercive control and Social Support theory?

A

Mark Colvin and Francis Cullen

90
Q

Which theory says that coercion promotes criminal behavior and social support reduces criminal behavior?

A

Coercive control and social support theory

91
Q

Force that compels a person to act because of fear, can be either micro or macro

A

Coercion

92
Q

Assistance from communities, social networks, confiding partners

A

Social support

93
Q

Which group of theories recognizes importance of childhood problems for adolescent delinquency and adult criminality, turning points in one’s life that may lead to desistance from crime

A

Life course theories

94
Q

Who came up with Integrated Strain-Control theory?

A

Delbert Elliott

95
Q

Integration of strain, social learning and social control theories

A

Integrated strain-control theory

96
Q

Weak social bonds and delinquent peers contribute to delinquency; delinquency and delinquent peer associations may also weaken social bonds and increase delinquency further

A

Interactional theory

97
Q

Who developed the Life-Course Persistent/Adolescence-limited theory?

A

Terrie Moffit

98
Q

Some individuals antisocial behavior is serious, persists through the life course, and begins during childhood because of neuropsychological and other problems. A much greater number of individuals’ antisocial behavior occurs only during adolescence, is relatively minor, and is a way of expressing their growing maturity and independence from parents.

A

Life-Course Persistent/Adolescence limited theory

99
Q

Who developed Age-Graded theory?

A

Robert Sampson and John Laub

100
Q

Which theory deals with weak social bonds, inadequate parenting, delinquent peers

A

Age-Graded theory

101
Q

What 3 major issues does labeling theory address?

A
  1. ) Definition of deviance and crime
  2. ) Possible discrimination in application of official labeling and sanctions
  3. ) Effect of labeling on continued criminality
102
Q

Deviance is not a property of behavior, but result of how others regard the behavior
Nothing about a given behavior automatically makes it deviant

A

The Relativist Definition of Crime and Deviance

103
Q

Some people and behaviors more likely to be labeled deviant; people in power impose deviant labels on those without power

A

The Imposition of the Deviant Label

104
Q

Primary deviance

A

The act(s) in question

105
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Occurs when person is caught and labeled, continued deviance

106
Q

Social institutions help create social stability

A

Consensus view

107
Q

Social institutions serve the interests of the powerful

A

Conflict view

108
Q

Helps explain some laws and types of crime
Less relevant for “street crimes”
Historical support for the theory

A

Evaluation of conflict theory

109
Q

Law is instrument that serves interest of ruling class

A

Instrumental marxism

110
Q

Law serves to preserve capitalist interests

A

Structural Marxists

SOCI 388 (4 decks)

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