Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Theriogenology > Pig Reproduction > Flashcards

Pig Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What type of breeding is practiced widely in swine?

A

Cross breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Using breeds or lines to take maximum advantage of their genetic type is know as what?

A

Breed complementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The tendency for cross-bred progeny to perform differently than the average of their parents is known as what?

A

Heterosis or Hybrid vigor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 2 aspects of structural soundness to be considered when selecting replacements?

A
  • General structural soundness

- Signs of: injuries, hoof cracks, sole bruises, foot rot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 4 problems that can be seen with the external genitalia of pigs?

A
  • Infantilism
  • Dorsally tipped vulva
  • Male pseudohermaphroditism
  • Mammary gland abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A pig with a small reproductive tract has what condition?

A

Infantilism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pigs with a dorsally tipped vulva may have difficulty with what?

A

Mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Male pseudohermaphroditism can lead to what type of vulva?

A

“Fishhook” or “sky-tipped” vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many piglets do we want a sow to have?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 problems that can be seen with the internal genitalia in pigs?

A
  • Hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx
  • Segmental aplasia
  • Blind or missing cervix
  • Oviductal adhesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx can lead to what?

A

Obstruction of oviducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can segmental aplasia lead to?

A

Complete or partial infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many functional teats should ideally be on each side of the sow?
What is the minimum total number of functional teats a sow should have?

A
  • 6 on each side

- At least 10 functional teats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many teats should be cranial to the umbilicus on each side?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do the sows uterine horns appear?

A

Long and tortuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the average age a pig goes into puberty?

A

5-8 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the average weight at which a pig goes into puberty?

A

200-250 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What breed of pig can reach puberty as early as 67 days?

A

Meishan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What breed of pig can reach puberty at 173 days of age?

A

Landrace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which reach puberty earlier, purebreds or crossbreds?

A

Crossbred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which breed is the latest to reach puberty?

When do they usually reach it?

A
  • Duroc

- 224 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 4 goals to managing a gilt pool?

A
  • Keep large enough gilt pool to meet weekly breeding targets
  • Daily boar exposure will stimulate puberty
  • Gilt in heat: use sterile boar 1st heat then fertile boar 2nd heat
  • Aim for large litter size and good nursing ability in gilts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 3 possible factors for hastening the onset of puberty?

A
  • Movement/mixing of females
  • Length of day (long)
  • Boar effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 2 factors that can delay the onset of puberty?

A
  • Confinement housing

- Season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are 2 ways lighting can affect the reproductive cycle in pigs?

A
  • Long day length (16-18 hours) reduces age at puberty

- Detrimental to cycling females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Does the mixing of gilts and sows delay or hasten the onset of puberty?

A

Hastens the onset of puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the most common method used to hasten the onset of puberty in females?

A

Boar effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of boar should be used for the “boar effect?”

A

Mature “smelly” boar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

At what age is a gilt exposed to the “boar effect?”

A

Begin at 160-170 days of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of contact should be used with the boar effect?

A

Continous direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of estrous cycle does a pig have?

A

Non-seasonal polyestrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the average length of the estrous cycle in pigs?

A

21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a difference between the estrous cycle of pigs and cattle?

A

No series of follicular waves as seen in cattle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the length of estrus in gilts?

In sows?

A
  • 36-48 hours

- 48-72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When does ovulation occur in a sow?

A

Ovulation occurs 2/3 of the way through estrus (36 hour average)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When does ovulation in the sow happen in relation to the LH peak?

A

24 hours after LH peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Multiple follicles rupture over what time period?

A

Over 1-4 hour period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When is ovulation rate largest in sows?

A

Largest over first 3 parities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which litters are usually the largest in a sow’s life?

A

4th to 6th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are 6 signs of estrus in the pig?

A
  • Vulva swelling and redness
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Restlessness and vocalization
  • Actively seeking boar
  • “Pricking” of ears
  • Lordosis response “back pressure test”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How often should sows be checked for estrus daily?

A

Twice a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Change boars when checking for estrus to prevent what?

A

Prevent familiarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are 2 things that should be avoided when trying to detect estrus in sows?

A
  • Avoid prolonged exposure to boars

- Avoid ventilation (Dilution of pheromones)

44
Q

What can be used to imitate the smell of a boar?

A

“Stink stick” or “Boar mate”

45
Q

What is the strategy used for weaning pigs?

A

All-in/all-out

46
Q

When does estrus occur with the all-in/all-out strategy?

A

4-7 days post-weaning

47
Q

How old do non-cycling gilts need to be before PG 600 can be used?

A

Greater than 165 days of age

48
Q

What is a synthetic progestogen that can be used as a progesterone source?
How is it given?

A
  • Altrenogest (MatrixR)

- Adding it to the feed

49
Q

Altrenogest should be fed at a rate of what?

A

15-20 mg/hd/day for 14 days

50
Q

How is Altrenogest mixed with the pig ration?

A

Mix dose in 1 lb of ration and then feed remaining diet

51
Q

When do females show signs of estrus with Altrenogest?

A

4-7 days after withdrawal

52
Q

What is a drug that can be used to induce abortion in sows?

A

Lutalyse (Dinoprost tromethamine)

53
Q

Can pigs be “short-cycled?”

Why?

A
  • No

- CL is not responsive until after day 12-13

54
Q

When should Lutalyse be given?

A

between days 15-60 of gestation

55
Q

How many days after Lutalyse is given will estrus occur?

A

4-7 days

56
Q

When should semen be deposited in the sow?

A

Within 12 hours of ovulation

57
Q

When does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur?

How?

A
  • Days 11-12

- Estrogenic compounds

58
Q

A minimum of how many embryos is necessary in pigs for maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

4

59
Q

What are 3 categories of traits looking to be improved through boar selection?

A
  • Carcass yield/quality
  • Feed efficiency, rate of gain
  • Overall productivity of the herd
60
Q

What are 2 general areas that should be included in a soundness/conformation exam?

A
  • Musculoskeletal injuries

- Inherited defects

61
Q

What are 3 examples of inherited defects that can be passed on by the boar?

A
  • Hernias
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Rectal prolapse
62
Q

Which sex gland does the boar not have?

A

Ampulla

63
Q

What are 3 methods of semen collection that can be used on boars?

A
  • Artificial vagina
  • Electro-ejaculator
  • Gloved hand method
64
Q

What is the preferred technique for semen collection in the boar?

A

Gloved hand method

65
Q

What are 4 things semen evaluation involves?

A
  • Measuring volume
  • Assessing progressive sperm motility
  • Evaluating sperm morphology
  • Calculation of total sperm numbers
66
Q

What are 2 measurements to use with the ejaculate?

A
  • Weigh the ejaculate

- Measure the actual volume of the ejaculate using a graduated cylinder

67
Q

One mL of boar ejaculate is equivalent to approximately how many grams?

A

1 gram

68
Q

What are 6 things ejaculates are evaluated for?

A
  • Color
  • Opacity
  • Odor
  • Sperm motility
  • Concentration
  • Individual sperm cel morphology
69
Q

The most subjective measurement of semen is what?

A

Motility

70
Q

More individual sperm cell assessments can be made with what system?

A

Computer automated semen analysis (CASA) systems

71
Q

What sample size is need for CASA system analysis of semen?

A

2 uL

72
Q

The total sperm numbers in the ejaculate during on-site evaluation is known as what?

A

Sperm concentration

73
Q

What is the most costly lab technique dealing with semen?

A

Sperm concentration

74
Q

What is a rapid and effective on-farm evaluation that is less expensive than CASA that can be calibrated for evaluating boar semen?

A

Spectrophotometry

75
Q

What sample size is needed when using a hemacytometer?

A

20 uL extended semen sample

76
Q

What is the normal volume for boar ejaculate?

A

100-500

77
Q

How should semen extenders be stored for boar semen?

A

Refrigerated until needed

78
Q

What can be used to help reduce the incidence of “cold shock” with extenders?

A

Water baths to maintain the temperature

79
Q

What is the temperature of the water bath used to maintain the temperature of the semen extender kept at?

A

37 C

80
Q

How long should semen extender sit in the water bath?

A

Approximately 1 hour prior to use.

81
Q

What is the recommended dilution range (by volume) of semen to extender?

A

1:4 to 1:10

82
Q

When should diluent be added to the semen in reference to temperature?

A

When the temperature of the two are equal.

83
Q

What are 3 examples of containers that can be use for extended semen samples?

A
  • Tubes
  • Couchette bags
  • Bottles
84
Q

What should the volume of the insemination dose be?

A

80 to 100 mLs

85
Q

What is the dose range of number of normal sperm require per dose of semen?

A

3-5 billion sperm

86
Q

Semen should be stored at what temperature?

A

16-17 C

87
Q

Semen should be protected from what when stored?

A

UV light

88
Q

What should be done to semen in storage that will allow it to be resuspended in the diluent?

A

Gentle rotation of the semen

89
Q

What are 5 advantages of using AI in pigs?

A
  • Allows moe extensive use of older boars on lighter weight females
  • Decreases number of boars and time required for breeding when estrus is synchronized
  • Promotes development of a closed herd
  • Allows introduction of new genetic material into a herd with minimum risk of disease
  • Can examine semen to make sure it is alive
90
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to using AI in pigs?

A
  • Higher level of management in order to be effecting (semen handling and processing)
  • Risk of disease is of greater importance
  • Increased margin of error (human error)
91
Q

What are 3 physical signs that would indicate it is too early to breed?

A
  • Vulva heavily red and swollen
  • Hardly any mucus on vaginal mucosa
  • Negative back pressure test, only standing reflex in present of a boar
92
Q

What are 3 physical signs that would indicate it is time to breed?

A
  • Vulva moderately red and swollen
  • Vaginal mucosa with mucus
  • Positive back pressure test
93
Q

What are 3 physical signs that would indicate it is too late to breed?

A
  • No redness or swelling of vulva
  • Sticky vaginal mucosal
  • Negative back pressure test, only standing reflex in presence of a boar
94
Q

What is necessary if there is a positive back pressure test 24 hours after AI?

A

2nd mating

95
Q

When using AI, what should be done with the boar?

A

Move boar in front of 2-3 estrus females that are to be inseminated.

96
Q

When does the female need to be exposed to the boar when being bred AI?

A

Before beginning of insemination

97
Q

What should be done to the vulva prior to breeding via AI?

A

Clean with a dray paper towel

98
Q

How should the catheter be inserted into the female?

A

Part lips of vulva with one hand, gently insert catheter into vagina pushing forward and upward for first 6-8 inches.

99
Q

How far should the catheter be inserted when breeding via AI?

A

Advance until resistance is felt.

100
Q

What can be done to stimulate uterine contractions in the female?

A

Rub the underline

101
Q

How long do normal services take with AI in the female?

Do gilts take less time or more?

A
  • 5-10 minutes

- Gilts take more time

102
Q

What might have to be done to the bottle when inseminating via AI?

A

Tip the bottle down to slow the insemination.

103
Q

What should be done to the female if she lays down during AI?

A

Continue with procedure as she lays down, do not try to get her up.

104
Q

What would slapping a female that has played down during AI in order to get her up do?

A

Inhibit the release of oxytocin and uterine contractions.

105
Q

How is the catheter removed after AI?

A

Clockwise rotation of spirette or by gently pulling on the foam tip type.

106
Q

What should be done to prevent the back flow of semen after insemination?

A

Bend the catheter and continue to rub the underline.

107
Q

What should the tip of the catheter be checked for?

What should be done if this is found?

A
  • Blood

- Record it

Theriogenology (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions