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Theriogenology > Postpartum Disorders > Flashcards

Postpartum Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the most common problems associated with dystocia?

A

Retained placenta

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2
Q

A placenta is considered retained if it has not been passed in what amount of time?

A

3 hours

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3
Q

Which species has a higher incidence of retained placenta, equine or bovine?

A

Bovine

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4
Q

Which species have more severe consequences associated with a retained placenta, equine or bovine?

A

Equine

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5
Q

What are 4 consequences that can be seen with a retained placenta in mares?

A
  • Toxic metritis
  • Septicemia
  • Laminitis
  • Delayed uterine involution
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6
Q

The likelihood of a retained placenta can increase with what 3 conditions?

A
  • Dystocia
  • Abortion
  • Placentitis
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7
Q

What drug can be given with a retained placenta?

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q

Should a retained placenta be manually separated?

A

No

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9
Q

What are 6 aspects of handling a retained placenta?

A
  • Manual assistance
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Tetanus prophylaxis
  • Watch for metritis and laminitis
  • Uterine lavage/infusion
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10
Q

How should manual assistance in removal of a retained placenta be performed?

A

Reach as far forward as possible and grab chorioallantois then add twisting, gentle traction to deliver

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11
Q

What can happen if part of the chorioallantois is retained within the uterus?

A

Torn retained placenta

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12
Q

What are 2 ways to confirm a torn retained placenta?

A
  • US

- Manual examination

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13
Q

If a torn retained placenta is detected, what should be done with the mare?

A

Place mare on preventative therapies

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14
Q

What are 2 things that can be used to aid in removal of a torn retained placenta?

A
  • Lavage

- Oxytocin

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15
Q

Does the mare eat the placenta?

A

No

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16
Q

Fetal monsters usually require what in a mare?

A

Fetotomy or cesarean section

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17
Q

What are 4 types of fetal monsters that can be seen with foals?

A
  • Torticollis
  • Contracted tendons
  • Schistosomus reflexus
  • Hydrocephalus
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18
Q

With partial duplication/double monsters, is it better to perform a c-section or a fetotomy?

A

C-section

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19
Q

The brain forms outside of the fetal skull in what condition?

A

Exencenphalus

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20
Q

What are 5 examples of trauma that can be seen postpartum in the mare?

A
  • Recto-vestibular fistula
  • Perineal lacerations
  • Cervical trauma
  • Vaginal trauma
  • Vulvar trauma
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21
Q

When should cervical trauma be repaired?

With what?

A
  • Repair during estrus

- Use long-handled instruments

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22
Q

What are 2 things to watch out for with vaginal trauma in the mare?

A
  • fat/intestinal prolapse

- Vaginal adhesions

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23
Q

How can vulvar trauma be repaired?

A

Caslick

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24
Q

What degree of perineal laceration involves the skin and mucous membranes of the dorsal commissure of the vulva/vestibule?

A

First degree

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25
Q

What degree of perineal laceration involves deeper structures but does not involve the rectal sphincter?

A

Second degree

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26
Q

What degree of perineal laceration involves complete disruption of the recto-vestibular shelf?

A

Third degree

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27
Q

What is used to correct a first degree perineal laceration?

A

Caslick

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28
Q

What is used to correct a second degree perineal laceration?

A

Caslick plus reconstruction of perineal body

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29
Q

What is another term for a recto-vaginal fistula?

A

“Gill flirter”

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30
Q

What are 2 aspects of treatment for a third degree perineal laceration?

A
  • Initial treatment with antibiotics, NSAIDs and debridement

- Surgical repair once healed in 6-8 weeks

31
Q

Surgical repair of a third degree perineal laceration should be held off for how many weeks?

A

6-8 weeks

32
Q

What type of suture pattern should be used on the vaginal mucosa with perineal laceration repair?

A

Inverted suture pattern

33
Q

When assessing for a prolapse in a young animal, it is important to check for what?

A

Persistent hymen

34
Q

What are 3 things that a vaginal prolapse can be secondary to?

A
  • Irritation
  • Coughing
  • Tear
35
Q

Since the urethra in a mare is short and wide, what is possible?

A

Bladder prolapse

36
Q

Uterine prolapse can occur secondary to what?

A

Uterine inertia

37
Q

Once the uterus has passively started to evert and has entered the vaginal canal, what can cause further eversion?

A

Ferguson’s reflex

38
Q

Why might a retained placenta exacerbate a prolapsed uterus?

A

Placenta pulls on the uterine horn, starting eversion.

39
Q

What should be done with the tail during a uterine prolapse?

Why?

A
  • Wrap the tail and move it out of the way.

- So it doesn’t damage the endometrium of the uterus.

40
Q

What are 4 things that should be done right away with a uterine prolapse?

A
  • Restrain mare
  • Support uterus with a clean plastic board
  • Perform epidural
  • Place tail wrap, clean perineum/uterus
41
Q

How should the uterus be manipulated back into the body?

A

Using flat hands and working the edges in slowly.

42
Q

What is something that can be done to the uterus to try and decrease edema?

A

Wrap towels around the uterus.

43
Q

Once the uterus is placed back in the body, what needs to be done?

A

Uterine horns need to be extended

44
Q

What are 4 types of treatments that can be administered after a uterine prolapse has been corrected?

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Systemic antibiotics
  • NSAIDs (Banamine)
  • Tetanus prophylaxis
45
Q

What is done surgically after a prolapsed uterus is placed back in the body?

A

Use a Buhner needle to place a purse string around the vulvar opening.

46
Q

How long is a purse string left in a mare after a uterine prolapse?

A

3-5 days

47
Q

After a uterine prolapse, it is a good sign if a mare can do what right away?

A

Urinate

48
Q

What is the cause of cervical hyperplasia?

A

Unknown

49
Q

Does a mare have to be pregnant for cervical hyperplasia to occur?

A

No

50
Q

What is the normal range for total protein in the foaling mare?
Total nucleated cell count?

A
  • TP less than 2.5 g/dL

- Total nucleated cell count less than 500 cells/uL

51
Q

What is the primary cell type seen in the peritoneal fluid of non-dystocia mares?
of post-dystocia mares?

A
  • Non-dystocia: mononuclear

- Post-dystocia: neutrophils

52
Q

Up the what percentage neutrophils is normal in the peritoneal fluid of postpartum mares?
When an acute inflammatory process exists?

A
  • 70%

- 85-100%

53
Q

What are 3 peritoneal fluid values that are suggestive of the mare becoming ill?

A
  • TP greater than 3 g/dL
  • Total NCC greater than 15,000 cells/uL
  • Neutrophil count greater than 80%
54
Q

Hemorrhage postpartum is more common in what age mares?

A

Older mares greater than 12 years

55
Q

Which artery is more predisposed to rupture from parturition?
Why?

A
  • Right middle uterine artery

- Cecum pushes uterus to left, possibly increasing tension on right artery

56
Q

Postpartum hemorrhage can be secondary to what 4 events?

A
  • Uterine torsion
  • Uterine rupture
  • Uterine trauma
  • Normal foaling
57
Q

Age related vessel changes can cause what?

A

Aneurismal dilation leading to rupture and hemorrhage.

58
Q

What deficiency may predispose the mare to hemorrhage postpartum?
Why?

A
  • Low copper

- Copper is responsible for increased elasticity of vessels

59
Q

What are 3 aspects of treatment for uterine artery rupture?

A
  • Keep mare quiet
  • Monitor PCV
  • US for fluid in abdomen
60
Q

A mare with a uterine artery rupture may need what?

A

Transfusion

61
Q

With a uterine artery rupture, be careful not to do what?

Why?

A
  • Do not over-hydrate

- Increases blood pressure

62
Q

Mares with a ruptured uterine artery often present with what?

A

Colic

63
Q

Should a mare that has ruptured a uterine artery be re-bred?

A

No

64
Q

What is the most common drug used for uterine artery rupture in mares?

A

Aminocaproic acid

65
Q

A mare that is presenting post-foaling with an inability to defecate but appears to be bright and alert may be experiencing what?

A

Rectal mucosal sloughing

66
Q

Damage to what artery during foaling can lead to loss of blood supply to the rectum and rectal mucosal slugging?

A

Mesocolic artery

67
Q

What type of a prognosis does a mare with rectal mucosal sloughing have?

A

Poor outcome

68
Q

A post-partum mare should always be checked for what?

A

Mastitis

69
Q

A mare with mastitis may present with what?

A

Lameness

70
Q

How should a sample be collected to test for mastitis in a mare?

A
  • Wipe teat end with alcohol
  • Strip small amount
  • Wipe teat end again
  • Collect sample into sterile container for C/S
71
Q

What are 4 forms of treatment for mastitis in mares?

A
  • Strip frequently, giving oxytocin just prior
  • Systemic antibiotics and udder infusion
  • NSAIDs (Banamine)
  • Warm compress
72
Q

Rejection of the foal is seen more commonly with what type of mare?

A

Maiden mare

73
Q

What is a drug that can be given to a mare that treats agalactia and causes some sedation?

A

Reserpine

74
Q

What is a technique that can be tried with mares that initially reject their foals?

A

Adoption technique

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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