Diseases Conditions Procedures (Urinary)

Question 1

Cystocele

Answer 1

Bulging of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina as a result of weakening of supportive tissue between the bladder and the vagina; aka “prolapsed bladder”
[cyst/o=bladder; -cele=hernia, swelling]

Question 2

Diuresis

Answer 2

Increased formation and secretion of urine

[di-=double; ur=urine; -esis=condition]

Question 3

Dysuria

Answer 3

Painful or difficult urination, typically caused by a urinary tract condition, such as cystitis
[dys-=bad, painful, difficult; -uria=urine]

Question 4

Edema

Answer 4

Abnormal accumulation of fluids in the cells, tissues, or other parts of the body that may be a sign of kidney failure or other disease

Question 5

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Answer 5

Kidney disease that had advanced to the point that the kidneys can no longer adequately filter blood and eventually requires dialysis or renal transplantation for survival; aka chronic renal failure (CRF)
[ren=kidney; -al =pertaining to]

Question 6

Enuresis

Answer 6

Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established. Aka “night-time bed-wetting” or “nocturnal enuresis”
[en-=in, within; ur=urine; -esis=condition]

Question 7

Hypospadias

Answer 7

Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
[hyp/o=under, below, deficient; -spadials=slit, fissure]

Question 8

Interstitial nephritis

Answer 8

Form of nephritis in which pathological changes in renal interstitial tissue result in destruction of nephrons and severe impairment in renal function
[nephr=kidney; -itis=inflammation]

Question 9

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 9

Formation of calculus in the kidney that results when substances that are normally dissolved in the urine (such as calcium and acid salts) solidify
[nephr/o=kidney; lith=stone, calculus; -iasis= abnormal condition]

Question 10

Renal hypertension

Answer 10

High blood pressure that results from kidney disease

[ren=kidney; -al=pertaining to; hyper-= excessive, above normal; -tension; to stretch]

Question 11

Uremia

Answer 11

Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; aka “azotemia”
[ur=urine; -emia=blood]

Question 12

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 12

Infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder by micro organisms that either ascend from the urethra or spread to the kidney from the bloodstream

Question 13

Wilms tumor

Answer 13

Malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before age 5, and include common early signs such as hypertension, a palpable mass, pain, and hematuria.

Question 14

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 14

Laboratory test that measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste product) in the blood and demonstrates the kidneys’ ability to filter urea from the blood for excretion in urine

Question 15

Culture & sensitivity (C&S)

Answer 15

Laboratory test that isolates and grows colonies of microorganisms to identify a pathogen and to determine which drugs might be effective for combating an infection

Question 16

Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)

Answer 16

Radiographic examination to determine the location, size, shape, and possible malformation of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Question 17

Pyelography

Answer 17

Radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and usually, the bladder after injection of a contrast agent
[pyel/o=renal pelvis; -graphy=process of recording]

Question 18

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Answer 18

Radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization of the entire urinary tract
[intra-=in, within; ven=vein; -ous=pertaining to; pyel/o=renal pelvis; -graphy=process of recording]

Question 19

Retrograde pyelography (RP)

Answer 19

Radiographic imaging in which contrast medium is introduced through a cystoscope directly into the bladder and ureters to provide detailed visualization of the urinary structures and to locate urinary tract obstruction
[retro-=backward, behind; -grade=to go; pyel/o=renal pelvis; -graphy=process of recording]

Question 20

Renal scan

Answer 20

Nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance injected intravenously like that concentrates in the kidney
[ren=kidney; -al= pertaining to]

Question 21

Urinalysis (UA)

Answer 21

Physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine

Question 22

Voiding cystourethrography

Answer 22

Radiography of the bladder and urethra during the process of voiding urine after filling the bladder with a contrast medium
[cyst/o=bladder; urethr/o=urethra; -graphy= process of recording]

Question 23

Catheterization

Answer 23

Insertion of a catheter (hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid, most commonly through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine

Question 24

Cystoscopy (cysto)

Answer 24

Insertion of a rigid or flexible cystoscope through the urethra to examine the urinary bladder, obtain biopsy specimens of tumors or other growths, and remove polyps
[cyst/o=bladder; -scopy=visual examination]

Question 25

Lithotripsy

Answer 25

Method of removing stones by crushing them into smaller pieces so that they can be expelled in the urine
[lith/o=stone, calculus; -tripsy=crushing]

Question 26

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Answer 26

Use of powerful sound wave vibrations to break up stones in the kidney
[extra=outside; corpor=body; -eal=pertaining to; lith/o=stone, calculus; -tripsy=crushing]

Question 27

Nephrolithotomy

Answer 27

Surgical procedure that involves a small incision in the skin and insertion of an endoscope into the kidney to remove a renal calculus
[nephr/o=kidney; lith/o=stone, calculus; -tomy=incision]

Question 28

Renal transplantation

Answer 28

Organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease; aka “kidney transplantation”
[ren=kidney; -al=pertaining to]

Question 29

Urethral stent

Answer 29

Insertion of a thin tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
[ureter=ureter; -al=pertaining to]

Question 30

Azoturia

Answer 30

Increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine
[azot= nitrogenous compounds; -uria=urine]

Question 31

Hydronephrosis

Answer 31

Excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis as a result of obstruction of a ureter. Because urine is blocked, it flows backward (reflexes) into the renal pelvis and calyces. Main cause of urinary tract obstruction leading to hydro nephrotic is a stone or stricture. Others include tumor growth, thickening of the bladder wall, and prostantomegaly.

Question 32

Dialysis

Answer 32

Process of removing waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so. Two types: hemodialysis and peritoneal. Hemodialysis involves passing the blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities. Peritoneal dialysis involves introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter. Dialysate fluid flows through the catheter and remains in the abdominal cavity for several hours. During that time, the fluid pulls body wastes from the blood into the abdominal cavity, then is removed from the abdomen via a catheter.