Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Boards: Gross > Embryology/Histology/Head and Neck > Flashcards

Embryology/Histology/Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What things are derived from the endoderm?

A

Gut, respiratory tract, “tubular structure” (deep stuff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the mesoderm

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Head
Lateral Plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is derived from paraxial mesoderm?

A

Somites (31 pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is derived from Intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urogenital system and KIDNEYS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is derived from the “head” subgroup of the mesoderm?

A

Skull, muscles and CT of head, dentine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is derived from the lateral plate?

A

ADRENAL CORTEX, blood & lymph cells, CT, cardiovascular & lymphatics, SPLEEN, serious membranes of pleura and pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is does the ectoderm involve in a general sense?

A

“Nerves and skin”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is derived from surface ectoderm?

A

Epidermis, ANTERIOR PITUITARY, LENS OF EYE, enamel, hair, nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three parts of the ectoderm?

A
  1. Surface ectoderm

2. Neuroectoderm (contains neural tube and neural crest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is derived from the neural tube part of the neuroectoderm?

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY, RETINA, CNS, pineal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is derived from the neural crest part of the neuroectoderm?

A

DRG, ANS, PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THYROID, ADRENAL MEDULA, melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 general stages of embryological development?

A

Mesodermal -> chondrification -> ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is primary and secondary ossification?

A

Primary: before birth
Secondary: after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What undergoes intramembranous/intramedullary ossification?

A

Clavicle & all flat bones of skull (e.g. parietal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What bones undergo endochondral ossification?

A

All other bones besides clavicle and flat bones of skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What bone undergoes both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A

Scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 structures noted in GI embryology?

A

Mouth
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mouth considered in GI embryology terms?

A

Stomadeum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What constitutes the forgut in GI embryology?

A

Oral cavity -> 1st 1/3 of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What constitutes the midgut in GI embryology?

A

Remaining 2/3rd of duodenum to 1st 2/3 of transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What constitutes the hindgut in GI embryology?

A

Last 1/3 of transverse colon -> anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the vagus stop innervating in the gut?

A

Hindgut (last 1/3 of transverse colon to anus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

Embryonic version of suspensory structures in both genders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in males?

A

The scrotal ligament AKA gubernacular testis (hangs nuts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in females?

A

Suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian ligament, round ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the thyroid arise from?

A

Foramen Cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens at 4-6 weeks in embryological development

A

Heart begins to beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When is the end of the embryonic stage?

A

9 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When do the testes descend?

A

25-28 weeks (7 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When does genital differentiation take place?

A

8-12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What movements constitute parasaggital motion?

A

Elbow flexion/extension, shoulder flexion/extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the only TRUE saggital plane movements?

A

Flexion of head or hips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rotation of limbs happens in what plane of motion?

A

Transverse/horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the general purpose of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Air and fluid diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

At what location can simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

Alveoli, capillaries, blood & lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What histological tissue has the thinnest cells, and serve best for diffusion?

A

Simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the general purpose of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Areas of high friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

At what locations can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Keratinized: Skin

Non-keratinized: Oral cavity, anal cavity, vagina, esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the location of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

“If you’re satisfied, you’re stratified”

Skin = itch
anal/oral cavity, esophagus, vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the general purpose of simple cuboidal cells?

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

At what locations can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Kidney tubules, glands & digestive tract, choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What kind of epithelium represents CSF production, follicular & parafollicular cells of thyroid?

A

Simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the general purpose of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

At what location can stratified cuboidal be found?

A

Sweat glands (think: “what deals with secretion that needs more layers”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the general purpose of transitional epithelium?

A

Stretch - bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

At what location can transitional epithelium be found?

A

Urinary bladder, ureters, kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What kind of epithelium especially allows for expansion?

A

Transitional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the general purpose of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

At what locations can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

Stomach, small and large intestine, glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the hallmark characteristic simple columnar epithelium function?

A

Easy absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the general purpose of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Reproductive tract

52
Q

Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

Uterus (not vagina)

53
Q

What is the general purpose of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Respiratory tract

54
Q

Where can pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium be found?

A

Entire pulmonary tract: nasal mucosa -> terminal bronchiole.

55
Q

Where in the respiratory tract will pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium NOT be found?

A

Alveoli (simple squamous)

56
Q

What are lung macrophages called?

A

Dust cells

57
Q

What are liver macrophages called?

A

Kupffer cells

58
Q

What are brain macrophages called?

A

Microglia

59
Q

What are skin macrophages called?

A

Langerhan cells (kills bacteria/foreign bodies on skin)

60
Q

What tissues are categorized as dense regular?

A

tendons and ligaments (things going in same direction)

61
Q

What tissues are categorized as dense irregular?

A

Dermis of skin

62
Q

What tissue are categorized as elastic?

A

Blood vessels

63
Q

What tissues are categorized as reticular?

A

Lymph nodes & spleen

64
Q

What is the classification of reticular collagen fibers?

A

Type III collagen

65
Q

What is the mnemonic for the layers of the epidermis?

A 
Cows: Striatum Corneum
Like: Striatum Lucidum
Green: Striatum Granulosum
Soft: Striatum Spinosum
Grass: Srtiatum Germinativum
66
Q

Where is the striatum lucidum found?

A

Only on soles/feet & palms/hands (only found in thickened areas)

67
Q

What is the top layer of the epidermis?

A

Striatum Corneum

68
Q

What is the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

Striatum Germinativum

69
Q

At what layer of the epidermis are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale (striatum germinativum)

70
Q

What is the organization of the dermis from superficial to deep?

A

Paillary dermis
Reticular dermis
Hypodermis AKA subcutaneous tissue/fascia

71
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Hyoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus

72
Q

What does the palatoglossus muscle do, and what cranial nerve controls it?

A

Elevates the tongue (CN X via pharyngeal plexus)

73
Q

What does the styloglossus muscle do, and what is it’s innervation?

A

Elevates and retracts tongue, CN XII

74
Q

What does the hyoglossus muscle do, and what is it’s innervation?

A

Depresses and retracts tongue, CN XII

75
Q

What does the genioglossus muscle do and what is its innervation?

A

Depresses and protrudes tongue, CN XII

76
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Fold tongue, aids in phonation, etc

77
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII

78
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse muscle
Vertical muscle

79
Q

What taste buds are the largest and fewest?

A

Cicumvallate

80
Q

Are the circumvallate taste buds anterior or posterior to the sulcus terminalis?

A

Anterior

81
Q

Which taste buds are smallest but most numberous?

A

Filiform

82
Q

Which taste buds are located on the sides o the tongue?

A

Foliate

83
Q

Where is each taste sensation (sweet, salty, sour, bitter) located on the tongue?

A

Sweet: anterior
Salty: anterolateral
Sour: posterolateral
Posterior: Bitter

84
Q

What are the rings of waldeyer?

A

The palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils

85
Q

What are the adenoids and where are they located?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (located in nasopharynx)

86
Q

What could happen is the adenoids swell?

A

They can block the eustachian tube

87
Q

What is the torus tubarius?

A

The nasopharynx opening of the auditory tube

88
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Temporalis muscle?

A

Origin: Temporal bone
Insertion: Coronoid of mandible

89
Q

What does the temporalis muscle do?

A

Closes jaw, posterior fibers retract the jaw

90
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the masseter?

A

Origin: Zygomatic
Insertion: External angle of jaw

91
Q

What is the action of the masseter?

A

Primary closer of the jaw

92
Q

What is the origin of the internal/medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Origin: Medial pterygoid process
Insertion: Internal angle of jaw

93
Q

What is the action of the medial pterygoid?

A

Close jaw, lateral deviation

94
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the external/lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Origin: Lateral pterygoid process
Insertion: Disc of TMJ & condyle of mandible

95
Q

What is the action of the external/lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Opens/depresses jaw, lateral deviation, protrudes jaw

96
Q

How many triangles are there in the anterior portion of the neck and where is their general location by group?

A

4, 2 above, 2 below

97
Q

What is are the general borders for the anterior compartment of neck triangles?

A

SCM (ant border)
Midline of neck
Inferior border of the mandible

98
Q

What three major non muscular structures are located in the anterior compartment of the neck?

A

Salivary glands
Thyroid
Larynx

99
Q

What are the 4 triangles of the anterior compartment?

A

Carotid
Submandibular (aka digastric)
Muscular (aka inferior carotid)
Suprahyoid (aka submental)

100
Q

What are the borders of the Carotid triangle?

A

SCM (ant), posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid

101
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Carotid arteries
Internal jugular V.
Vagus nerve

102
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?

A

Inferior border of mandible, both bellies of the digastric

103
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?

A

Salivary glands
Hypoglossal N
Mylohyoid N.

104
Q

What are the borders of the Muscular (inferior carotid) triangle?

A

SCM
Omohyoid (superior belly)
Midline of neck

105
Q

What are the contents of the muscular (inferior carotid) triangle?

A

Larynx
Trachea
Thyroid

106
Q

What are the borders of the surprahyoid (submental) triangle?

A

Digastric (anterior)

Hyoid bone

107
Q

What are the contents of the suprahyoid (submental) triangle?

A

Muscles/floor of mouth,

Salivary glands & ducts

108
Q

What are the borders of the Posterior compartment of neck triangles?

A

SCM (lateral border)
Traps (post. border)
Middle 1/3rd of clavicle

109
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangles?

A

Nerves

Vessels

110
Q

What triangles make up the posterior compartment and what are they?

A

2;

Occipital
Subclavian (aka supraclavicular aka omoclavicular)

111
Q

What are the borders of the occipital triangle ?

A

SCM
Traps
Omohyoid (inferior belly)

112
Q

What are the contents of the occipital triangle?

A

Cervical plexus

Accessory nerve

113
Q

What are the borders of the subclavian (supraclavicular, omoclavicular) triangle?

A

SCM
Omohyoid (inf. belly)
Clavicle

114
Q

What are the contents of the subclavian (supraclavicular, omoclavicular) triangle?

A 
Brachial plexus
Subclavian A.
Transverse cervical A.
Suprascapular A.
Terminal part of external jugular V.
115
Q

What are the borders of the suboccipital triangle?

A 
RCP Major (medial border)
Superior oblique (lat border)
Inferior oblique (inf. border)
116
Q

What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?

A

Suboccipital nerve = dorsal rami of C1

Vertebral A.

117
Q

How many laryngeal cartilagenous structures are there?

A

6;

3 single
3 paired

118
Q

What are the 3 ‘single’ laryngeal cartilages?

A

Cricoid
Epiglottis (unpaired)
Thyroid

119
Q

What are the 3 ‘paired’ laryngeal cartilages?

A

Arytenoids
Corniculates
Cuneiforms

120
Q

At what cervical level is the cricoid cartilage found and why is it an important landmark?

A

C6,

Trachea begins at cricoid inferior border

121
Q

At what cervical levels is the thyroid cartilage found?

A

C4-C5

122
Q

What muscles attach at the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Inferior contrictor of pharynx
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

123
Q

What structure is responsible for voice production?

A

The glottis (vocal ‘folds’ aka vocal cords)

124
Q

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoids and what effect do they have on vocal production?

A

Abduction,

Relaxes voice

125
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoids and what effect do they have on vocal production?

A

Adduction,

Phonation (whispering when working by themselves)

126
Q

What is the function of the thyroarytenoids and what effect do they have on vocal production?

A

Relax, shorten

Deep, bass voice

127
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid and what effect do they have on vocal production?

A

Tense, lengthen

High pitched voice, tenor

Boards: Gross (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions