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ENT > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the head contain?

A

External and internal structures of the ears, nose and mouth

Internal structures of the sinuses

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2
Q

What structures does the neck contain?

A

Internal structures of the pharynx and layrnx

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3
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the ear?

A

External
Middle
Inner

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4
Q

What does the external ear contain?

A

Pinna (auricle)
External auditory canal
TM

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5
Q

What do the glands in the external ear secrete?

A

Cerumen

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6
Q

What is the TM?

A

Thin dividing wall between the external ear and the middle ear

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7
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

Eustachian tube
Tympanic cavity
Ossicle muscles, ligaments, and mucosal folds

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8
Q

What are the 3 bones of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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9
Q

How are the ears connected to the nose?

A

Eustachian tube

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10
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

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11
Q

What two branches of the external carotid artery supply the ear?

A

Posterior auricular artery

Superficial temporal artery

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12
Q

Nerves which supply the external ear

A

Trigeminal nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Vagus nerve

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13
Q

Nerves which supply the middle ear

A

Chorda tympani nerve

Tympanic plexus nerve

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14
Q

Nerves which supply the inner ear

A

Facial nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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15
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the ear

A

Pre-auricular nodes
Post-aruicular nodes
Parotid gland

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16
Q

What are the two functions of the ear?

A

Hearing

Balance

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17
Q

How does the pinna/auricle contribute to hearing?

A

Collects and directs sound waves traveling into the ear canal

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18
Q

How does the ear canal contribute to hearing?

A

Resonates sound waves
Preserves elasticity of TM via temperature & humidity control
Contains glands to produce wax
Cilia to protect from FB

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19
Q

How does the middle ear contribute to hearing?

A

Through the vibrations of the TM, malleus, incus, and stapes

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20
Q

What are the functions of the Eustachian tube?

A

Air exchange: maintain equal pressure
Excretory: drainage for middle ear
Defense: prevents infection

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21
Q

What are the two muscles that attach tot he ossicles?

A

Stapedius

Tensor tympanic

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22
Q

What does the cochlea contribute to hearing?

A

Organ of Corti, which sits on the basilar membrane, is stimulated to produce a “pitch”
Vestibulocochlear nerve transmits to brain

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23
Q

Which part of the cochlea transmits lower frequencies?

A

Apical portion

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24
Q

Which part of the cochlea transmits higher frequencies?

A

Basal end

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25
Q

Purpose for Semi-circular Canals

A

Maintain balance regardless of head position or gravity

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26
Q

What is the sensory receptor of the semi-circular canals?

A

Cupula

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27
Q

Functions of the Nose

A 
Respiration
Air conditioning
Protection
Olfaction
Eustachian tube
Drainage
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28
Q

3 bones of the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Frontonasal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

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29
Q

Floor of the nasal cavity consists of these bones

A

Palatine process of maxilla

Horizontal plate of palatine bone

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30
Q

Parts of the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A 
Nasal septum
Ethmoid bone
vomer
Nasal crest of maxilla
Nasal crest of palatine
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31
Q

Lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal concha

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32
Q

Which sinuses are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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33
Q

Nerve supply to the nose

A

Trigeminal- ophthalmic & maxillary

Olfactory

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34
Q

Blood supply of the nose

A 
Ophthalmic Artery
Facial artery
Maxillary Artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Superior labial artery
Kiesselbach area
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35
Q

What is Kiesselbach Area?

A

Area of the nose which is most prone to epistaxis

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36
Q

Lymph drainage of nose

A

Submandibular nodes

Deep cervical nodes

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37
Q

Function of Olfaction

A

Helps to identify food
Identify sensual smells
Warn of danger (spoiled food, chemicals)

38
Q

Physiology of Olfaction

A

Odors to olfactory epithelium
Odors reach olfactory region
Mucus transports odors to olfactory receptors
Cilia = molecular reception with odor occurs
Sensory transmission starts
Through cribiform plate to olfactory bulb

39
Q

Borders of the oral cavity

A 
Border of lips
Oropharynx
Hard palate
Tongue
Mucosa of cheeks
40
Q

Oral Cavity Structures

A 
Lips
Labial mucosa
Commissure of lips
Vestibule
Oral tongue
Buccal mucosa
Gingiva
Hard palate
Teeth
Mandible
Maxilla
41
Q

Functions of Oral Cavity

A 
Begin digestion
Chew food & mix with saliva
Sensation of taste
Role in speech
Breathing
Drinking
Facial expression
Social interactions
42
Q

3 Major Salivary Glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

43
Q

Parotid Gland

A

Large gland
In front of the ears
Facial nerve runs through it (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical)
Stenson’s duct

44
Q

Submandibular Gland

A

Medium gland
Behind lower jaw, under chin & tongue
Wharton’s duct

45
Q

Sublingual Gland

A

Smallest gland
Deep in floor of mouth
Enters through sublingual ducts

46
Q

3 Parts of the Teeth

A

Anatomic Crown
Anatomic Root
Pulp Cavity

47
Q

What is housed in the pulp cavity?

A 
Dental pulp
Nerves
Arteries
Veins
Lymph channels
48
Q

Importance of the Tongue

A

Taste
Mastication
Swallowing
Speech

49
Q

Types of Papillae

A

Filiform
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate

50
Q

What is a taste bud?

A

Flask shaped with receptor cells and supporting cells

51
Q

5 Basic Types of Taste Sensation

A 
Bitter
Sour
Salty
Sweet
Umami
52
Q

How many muscles control the tongue?

A

8- 4 intrinsic & 4 extrinsic

53
Q

Blood Supply to the Mouth

A

Lingual artery
Sublingual
Deep lingual
Dorsal lingual

54
Q

Lymph Drainage of the Mouth

A

Deep cervical
Submandibular
Submental

55
Q

Nerve Innervation of the Mouth

A

Sensory- facial & glossopharyngeal

Motor- hypoglossal

56
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

Funnel shaped fibro-muscular tube that forms the upper part of the digestive and respiratory tracts

57
Q

What are the 3 Areas of the Pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

58
Q

Where is the Nasopharynx Located?

A

Skull base to soft palate

59
Q

What does the nasopharynx contain?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

Eustachian tube

60
Q

Where is the Oropharynx Located?

A

Soft palate to epiglottis

61
Q

Where is the Laryngopharynx Located?

A

Behind the larynx

62
Q

Muscles of the Pharynx

A 
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Palatopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
63
Q

Blood Supply of the Pharynx

A 
Facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Ascending palatine artery
Dorsalis lingua artery
Greater palatine artery
64
Q

Nerve Supply of the Pharynx

A

Maxillary nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve

65
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of the Pharynx

A

Deep cervical nodes

66
Q

Functions of the Pharynx

A 
Swallowing
Breathing
Speech
Equalize pressure in middle ear
Immunity
67
Q

What is the Larynx Responsible for?

A 
Producing voice
Swallowing
Breathing
Speech
Protect lower airway
68
Q

3 Cartilages of the Larynx

A

Cricoid
Thyroid
Epiglottis

69
Q

What is the Cricoid Cartilage?

A

Ring of hyaline cartilage located at inferior aspect of the larynx

70
Q

What is the Thyroid Cartilage?

A

Adam’s apple

V-shaped notch above the prominence

71
Q

What is the Epiglottis?

A

Leaf-shaped structure that moves down to form a lid over the glottis

72
Q

3 components in which spoken words result

A

Voiced sound
Resonance
Articulation

73
Q

3 Subsystems of voice mechanism

A

Air pressure system
Vibratory system
Resonating system

74
Q

Voice organs in the air pressure system

A 
Diaphragm
Chest muscles
Ribs
Abdominal muscles
Lungs
75
Q

Air pressure systems role in sound production

A

Provides & regulates air pressure to cause vocal fold to vibrate

76
Q

Voice organs of the vibratory system

A

Voice box

Vocal folds

77
Q

Vibratory systems role in sound production

A

Vocal folds vibrate
Changing air pressure to sound waves producing voice sound
Varies pitch of sound

78
Q

Voice organs in the resonating system

A

Throat
Oral cavity
Nasal passages

79
Q

Resonating systems role in sound production

A

Changes the “buzzy sound” into a person’s recognizable voice

80
Q

Muscles of the Larynx

A 
Cricothyroid muscles
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
Transverse arytenoid muscles
Thyroarytenoid muscles
81
Q

Nerve supply of the Larynx

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

82
Q

Blood supply of the Larynx

A

Superior laryngeal artery

Inferior laryngeal artery

83
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of the Larynx

A

Deep cervical nodes

Upper tracheal nodes

84
Q

Parts of the Jaw

A 
Mandible
Zygomatic arch
Masseter muscle
Temporalis muscle
Lateral/medial pterygoid muscles
85
Q

Blood Supply to the Jaw

A

External Carotid artery branches

86
Q

Quadrangular Areas of the Neck

A

Side of neck
Inferiorly
Anteriorly
Posteriorly

87
Q

Blood Supply of the Neck

A

Common carotids

External/Internal jugular veins

88
Q

Boundaries of the Anterior Cervical Triangles

A

Midline anteriorly
Mandible superiorly
SCM inferolaterally

89
Q

4 Triangles of the Anterior Cervical Triangle

A

Submandibular triangle
2 Carotid triangles
3 muscular or omotracheal triangle
Submental triangle

90
Q

Boundaries of the Posterior Cervical Triangle

A

Clavicle inferiorly
SCM anterosuperiorly
Trapezius posteriorly

ENT (10 decks)

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