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Grade 11 - SBI3U > Unit 1, Chapter 3: Multicellular Diversity > Flashcards

Unit 1, Chapter 3: Multicellular Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Which group exhibits radial symmetry?

Sponges

Crustaceans

Mammals

Cnidarians

Tetrapods

A

Cnidarians

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2
Q

Which is an arthropod?

Bullfrog

Centipede

Coral

Octopus

Sea Star

A

B

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3
Q

What is true about an insect skeleton?

It is an endoskeleton made of cartilage.

It is an endoskeleton made of chitin.

It is an exoskeleton made of cellulose.

It is an exoskeleton made of chitin.

It is an exoskeleton made of cartilage.

A

It is an exoskeleton made of chitin.

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4
Q

Which class of vertebrates is hypothesized to be most closely related to reptiles?

Cartilaginous Fish

Bony Fish

Amphibians

Birds

Mammals

A

Birds

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5
Q

Which of the following have eggs that have a shell covering?

Monotremes and Placental Mammals

Reptiles and Plancental Mammals

Birds and Reptiles

Marsupials and Amphibians

Amphibians and Reptiles

A

Birds and Reptiles

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6
Q

Which is an alga?

Clam

Hydra

Millipede

Rockweed

Sea Urchin

A

Rockweed

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7
Q

Identify the larger, longer-lasting, dominant form in bryophytes.

Haploid Gametophyte

Haploid Sporophyte

Diploid Gametophyte

Diploid Sporophyte

Diploid Zygote

A

Haploid Gametophyte

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8
Q

What is the name of a muchroom’s spore-producing reproductive structure?

Diploid Zygote

Mycelium

Fruiting Body

Hyphae

Bud

A

Fruiting Body

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9
Q

DIstinguish among the cells of plants, fungi, and animals by reference to cell walls.

A

Plant cell walls are made primarily of cellulose. Fungal cell walls are made primarily of chitin. Animal cells do not have cell walls.

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10
Q

Identify the main characteristic that distinguishes invertebrates from vertebrates. How many of the animal kingdom’s phyla are invertebrates?

A

The main characteristic that distinguishes these two groups is the presence or absence of a backbone. Animals without backbones are invertebrates, whereas those with backbones are vertebrates. All but one (34/35) animal phyla are made entirely of invertebrates.

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11
Q

Identify two features that birds and mammals have in common.

A

Both birds and mammals are endothermic (they maintain their internal temperature) and they have a four-chambered heart.

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12
Q

Why was segmentation an important development in the evolution of complex animals?

A

Animals could suffer some damage to one segment and still a have additional segments. Different segments allowed for mobility. Different segments have legs, so that in combination they can move the organism more efficiently.

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13
Q

Why is it difficult to distinguish plants from algae even though they are classed in different kingdoms?

A

They are both multicellular, photosynthetic organisms that in some cases look superficially similar. Plants evolved from algae so it is difficult to define where one group stops and the next group begins.

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14
Q

Clarify the difference between a spore and a seed. GIve an example of plants that use each.

A

Spore – A haploid reproductive structure that can produce a new organism without fertilization. Examples are bryophytes, club mosses, horsetails, ferns.

Seed – A diploid reproductive structure of plants made up of an embryo, stored food, and a tough outer coat. Examples are gymnosperms and angiosperms (corn, beans, maples).

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15
Q

Identify the safety precautions you would take if you were handling and observing live, unknown specimens of mould in a laboratory. Explain why you would take these precautions.

A

I would wear a mask to prevent inhalation of spores and wear gloves to protect hands from toxins.

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16
Q

You are examining a free-living animal using a dissecting microscope. You observe that it has a thin, solid body with two surfaces. You note that it has a thin, solid body with two surfaces. You note that it has an eye-spot with a distinct head, and it displays bilateral symmetry. Into which invertebrate group would you place this animal? Justify your answer.

A

Platyheminthes – bilateral, flat (not segmented), no coelom, cephalized.

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17
Q

Compare and contrast monocot and dicot plants.

A
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18
Q

The more complex members of the different kingdoms, especially angiosperm plants, birds, and mammals, are found in more recent fossil layers. Explain why this occurs. If more complex organisms appeared in older rock layers, and more simple organisms in younger layers, what would that suggest about theories of changes in diversity.

A

Complexity has increased over time. If complexity came before simplicity, rather than the other way around, it would be a major challenge to the idea of evolution.

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19
Q

In what ways have wings been anadaptive advantage for insects?

A

They can travel farther to get food.

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20
Q

Suppose you had a packet of unlabelled plant seeds. Describe two ways that you could determine if they were monocots or dicots.

A

One way would be to dissect the seeds to count whether there were one or two cotyledons. Another way would be to plant the seeds and see what grew (and whether it had flower parts in threes or multiples of three for monocots, or perhaps whether it had parallel leaf veins as in monocots).

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21
Q

Which of the following is anadaptation plants required before they could permanently inhabit terrestrial environments?

Cell Walls

Cells with Chlorophyll a

Cells with Chlorophyll b

A System To Transport Water And Dissolved Substances

The Ability To Store Food Energy In The Form Of Starch

A

A System To Transport Water And Dissolved Substances

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22
Q

Which of these is an example of a non-vascular plant?

Fern

Liverwort

Horestail

Pine Tree

Dandelion

A

Liverwort

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23
Q

Which statement about seeds is false?

Seeds allow plants to reproduce sexually without neading water.

Seeds allow protection against harsh environmental conditions.

Seeds can develop into root-like structures called rhizoids.

Seeds can survive without water for many years.

Seeds can be dispersed by different means.

A

Seeds can develop into root-like structures called rhizoids.

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24
Q

At one time, fungi were included in the plant kingdom. Although fungi look like plants, they are more closely related to animals than they are to plants. What is one characteristic of fungi that clearly seperates them from all plants?

Some fungi develop a mycelium.

Some fungi can reproduce by producing spores.

Fungi are sessile.

Fungi are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms.

Fungal cells have cell walls.

A

Fungi are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms.

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25
Q

Which statement about animals is true?

All members of the animal kingdom have a coelom.

All members of the animal kingdom are composed of only two cell layers.

All members of the animal kingdom have segmented bodies.

All members of the animal kingdom are heterotrophic.

All members of the animal kingdom use sexual reproduction only.

A

All members of the animal kingdom are heterotrophic.

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26
Q

What separates vertebrate animals from invertebrate animals?

Vertebrate animals have a spinal cord, while invertebrates lack this structure.

Vertebrate animals are heterotrophic, while some invertebrates are autotrophic.

All vertebrate animals are ectothermic, while all invertebrate animals are endothermic.

Vertebrate animals are all carnivores, while invertebrates reproduce by laying eggs.

Vertebrate animals all bear live young, while most invertebrates reproduce by laying eggs.

A

Vertebrate animals have a spinal cord, while invertebrates lack this structure.

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27
Q

Which group of vertebrate animals remains partially tied to aquatic ecosystems?

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fish

A

Amphibians

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28
Q

Identify the group of plants that best matches the following description.

These plants grow closely packed together in mats on rocks or soil. The most obvious stage in this group’s life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation. Plants in this group never form xylem tissue.

Bryophytes

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Seedless Vascular Plants

Angiosperms

A

Bryphytes

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29
Q

Which group of organisms are the main producers found in most aquatic food chains?

Algae

Slime Moulds

Protozoans

Amoebas

Mushrooms

A

Algae

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30
Q

List the evolutionary evidence linking green algae to land plants.

A

Both contain chlorophyll a and b, cellulose cell walls, store energy as starch, and have similar DNA sequences.

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31
Q

Angiosperms are found worldwide and include the greatest number of known plant species. Identify, describe, and evaluate the characteristics of species in this division that contribute significantly to their ability to thrive in a variety of ecosystems. Explain you choices.

A

Angiosperms have flowers to attract pollinators and increase diversity. They have seeds in fruit to obtain nutrients and be protected. Fruit also increase chance that a plant will be transported to a new area. They also contain vascular tissue. Some dicots can increase in width from year to year (create wood) which allows them to grow taller and obtain more sunlight.

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32
Q

Explain why some scientists think that classifying lichens in a single kingdom is impossible.

A

They are composite organisms made of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.

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33
Q

Infer how the development of the seed might have affected the lives of herbivorous animals living in Earth’s ancient forests.

A

It increased food sources and caused larger plants.

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34
Q

Synapta maculata is an invertebrate animal that lives in tropical marine ecosystems. It has a spiny endoskeleton and a water vascular system. Its large tube feet make it look prickly. Based on this information, identify the phylum in which these animals belong. Explain you answer.

A

Echinodermata- endoskeleton, water vascular system

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35
Q

Members of the Class Malacostraca have a primitive body plan that is divided into three segments. In most of these species, there is a pair of jointed appendages in each body segment. They also have a hard, calcified exoskeleton. The 25 000 species of malacostracans are distributed worldwide in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Based on this information, identify the phylum in which these animals belong. Explain why you placed them where you did.

A

Arthropoda- jointed appendages, exoskeleton

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36
Q

Ornithorhynchus anatinus is a semi-aquatic animal found only in eastern Australia. The female lays eggs and does not have nipples. However, the offspring obtain milk from patches on her abdomen. This species has a bill, webbed feet, and flattened tail, and its body is covered in hard. Based on this information, identify the class of vertebrate this species belong to and explain why you placed it in this class.

A

Mammal- makes milk, has hair

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37
Q

Explain why biodiversity is important in maintaining viable ecosystems.

A

The more biodiverse an ecosystem is, the more resilient it is to disturbance.

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38
Q

Define Alga (plural algae)

A

A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic organism.

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39
Q

Define Angiosperm

A

A vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue.

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40
Q

Define Ascus (plural asci)

A

A small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores.

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41
Q

Define Basidium (plural basidia)

A

A club-shaped hypha found in members of the Basidiomycotes; they bear spores called basidiospores.

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42
Q

Define Bilateral Symmetry

A

A body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves.

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43
Q

Define Bryophyte

A

A small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of bryophytes.

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44
Q

Define Cartilage

A

The flexible, non-bony, tough material found in vertebrate endoskeletons.

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45
Q

Define Coelom

A

A fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems.

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46
Q

Define Cone

A

A gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproduction parts.

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47
Q

Define Dicot

A

A major cluster of flowering plants that have two cotyledons.

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48
Q

Define Ectothermy

A

The reliance on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature.

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49
Q

Define Embryo

A

An organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.

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50
Q

Define Endothermy

A

The use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature.

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51
Q

Define Exoskeleton

A

An external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects againts water loss and predation.

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52
Q

Define Flower

A

A collection of structures in angiosperms used for reproduction.

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53
Q

Define Fruit

A

A mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds.

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54
Q

Define Fruiting Body

A

The spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi.

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55
Q

Define Fungus (plural fungi)

A

A stationary, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin.

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56
Q

Define Gametophyte

A

The haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis.

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57
Q

Define Gymnosperm

A

A vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds.

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58
Q

Define Hypha (plural hyphae)

A

A multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus.

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59
Q

Define Invertebrate

A

An animal that does not have a backbone.

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60
Q

Define Lichen

A

An organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.

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61
Q

Define Mammary Gland

A

A mammalian gland that produces and secretes milk for nourishing developing young.

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62
Q

Define Mantle

A

A membrane that surrounds a mollusc’s internal organs.

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63
Q

Define Medusa

A

The umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body form of cnidarians.

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64
Q

Define Monocot

A

A major cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon.

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65
Q

Define Mycelium (plural mycelia)

A

A complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae.

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66
Q

Define Notochord

A

A flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals; during vertebrate development it is replaced by the spine.

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67
Q

Define Placenta

A

An organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and the developing offspring.

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68
Q

Define Plant

A

A multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls.

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69
Q

Define Polyp

A

The tube-shaped sessile body form of cnidarians.

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70
Q

Define Radial Symmetry

A

A body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves

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71
Q

Define Segmentation

A

The division of multicellular bodies into a series of repetitive parts.

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72
Q

Define Sporic Reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual.

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73
Q

Define Sporophyte

A

The diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis.

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74
Q

Define Tetrapod

A

A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; an amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal.

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75
Q

Define Vertebrate

A

An animal with an internal skeleton and a backbone.

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76
Q

Define Zygospore

A

A diploid structure that develops after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei; this structure is characteristic of zygospore fungi that reproduce sexually during unfavourable conditions.

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77
Q

What is a unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic organism known as?

A

Alga (plura algae)

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78
Q

What is a vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue known as?

A

Angiosperm

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79
Q

What is a small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores known as?

A

Ascus (plural asci)

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80
Q

What is a club-shaped hypha found in members of the Basidiomycotes known as?

A

Basidium (plural basidia)

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81
Q

What is a body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves known as?

A

Bilateral Symmetry

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82
Q

What is a small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of bryophytes known as?

A

Bryophyte

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83
Q

What is the flexible, non-bony, tough material found in vertebrate endoskeletons known as?

A

Cartilage

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84
Q

What is a fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems known as?

A

Coelom

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85
Q

What is a gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproduction parts known as?

A

Cone

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86
Q

What is a major cluster of flowering plants that have two cotyledons known as?

A

Dicot

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87
Q

What is the reliance on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature known as?

A

Ectothermy

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88
Q

What is an organism’s early pre-birth stage of development known as?

A

Embryo

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89
Q

What is the use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature known as?

A

Endothermy

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90
Q

What is an external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects againts water loss and predation known as?

A

Exoskeleton

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91
Q

What is a collection of structures in angiosperms used for reproduction known as?

A

Flower

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92
Q

What is a mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds known as?

A

Fruit

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93
Q

What is the spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi known as?

A

Fruiting Body

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94
Q

What is a stationary, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin known as?

A

Fungus (plural fungi)

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95
Q

What is the haploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis known as?

A

Gametophyte

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96
Q

What is a vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds known as?

A

Gymnosperm

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97
Q

What is a multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus known as?

A

Hypha (plural hyphae)

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98
Q

What is an animal that does not have a backbone known as?

A

Invertebrate

99
Q

What is an organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga known as?

A

Lichen

100
Q

What is a mammalian gland that produces and secretes milk for nourishing developing young known as?

A

Mammary Gland

101
Q

What is a membrane that surrounds a mollusc’s internal organs known as?

A

Mantle

102
Q

What is the umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body form of cnidarians known as?

A

Medusa

103
Q

What is a major cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon known as?

A

Monocot

104
Q

What is a complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae known as?

A

Mycelium (plural mycelia)

105
Q

What is a flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals that is replaced by the spine during vertebrate development known as?

A

Notochord

106
Q

What is an organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and the developing offspring known as?

A

Placenta

107
Q

What is a multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls known as?

A

Plant

108
Q

What is the tube-shaped sessile body form of cnidarians known as?

A

Polyp

109
Q

What is a body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves known as?

A

Radial Symmetry

110
Q

What is the division of multicellular bodies into a series of repetitive parts known as?

A

Segmentation

111
Q

What is sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual known as?

A

Sporic Reproduction

112
Q

What is the diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis known as?

A

Sporophyte

113
Q

What is a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs known as?

A

Tetrapod

114
Q

What is an animal with an internal skeleton and a backbone known as?

A

Vertebrate

115
Q

What is a diploid structure that develops after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei known as?

A

Zygospore

116
Q

Into which kingdom do scientists classify green algae?

A

Scientists disagree about whether green algae belong in the protist kingdom or the plant kingdom.

117
Q

Which characteristic is used to classify multicellular algae into different phyla?

A

Colour

118
Q

What is the advantage to the red algae of having accessory photosynthetic pigments such as phycoerythrin?

A

Because phycoerythrin is sensitive to light waves that reach deeper sea levels, red algae can thrive at greater ocean depths than other algae.

119
Q

What are bryophytes? How do they differ from other groups of plants?

A

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants. They lack vascular tissue such as xylem and phloem. They are small and live in moist areas. They have rhizoids instead of roots.

120
Q

Explain the statement “Bryophytes represent the pioneers that conquered land.”

A

Bryophytes were the first plants to grow on Earth 460 million years ago, converting a barren landscape into green environments.

121
Q

What are the two life cycle generations of a bryophyte?

A

Gametophyte and sporophyte.

122
Q

Identify several important roles of bryophytes in ecosystems.

A

They reduce soil erosion and are important in bog development, as a food source for animals, and in nutrient cycling within ecosystems.

123
Q

Many bryophytes live in moist, shaded areas. Why do you think this is?

A

Without roots and vascular tissue, bryophytes rely on osmosis and diff usion to transport water and nutrients into their bodies, which would be harder to do in sunny areas, where any moisture would dry out quickly.

124
Q

What are the main characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

A

They produce haploid spores, not seeds. They do have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) for internal transport, which allows them to grow tall. The sporophyte is the dominant generation in their lifecycle.

125
Q

Is the leafy fern you see on the forest floor the gametophyte or the sporophyte plant?

A

The sporophyte.

126
Q

Identify the differences between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm.

A

Unlike angiosperms, gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed in protective tissue but are instead exposed on the surface of cone scales.

127
Q

Explain how past climate change played a role in the extinction of many large spore-producing plants.

A

Approximately 280 million years ago, the climate became cooler and drier, which led to the extinction of most large spore-producing plants that could not survive the long periods of drought and freezing.

128
Q

You find a pine cone on the ground. How can you tell whether it is a male cone or a female cone?

A

Male cones are soft, while female cones are large, hard, and made of scales.

129
Q

Explain the role of pollen grains in conifer reproduction.

A

The function of pollen grains is to transport sperm from the male cones to the female cones. The pollen grains are released into the wind and may land on female cones where they release their sperm.

130
Q

What is a mycelium and where is it found?

A

A mycelium is the non-reproductive part of the fungus, consisting of a net-like mass of branching hyphae. Mycelia live in soil and on other nutritious substances.

131
Q

Are fungi more like plants or animals? What evidence do scientists use to help answer this question?

A

Fungi are more like animals than plants. DNA analysis helps confirm this relationship.

132
Q

Describe the four ways fungi have of obtaining nutrition.

A

To obtain nourishment, parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from a host, predatory fungi trap and digest their prey, mutualistic fungi obtain their nourishment from a partner, and saprobial fungi feed on dead or decaying material.

133
Q

Name three ways that Fungi Imperfecti are important to humans in the modern world.

A

The antibiotic penicillin is derived from the fungus Penicillium. Cyclosporin (from a soil fungus) is used after transplant surgery to combat a patient’s tendency to reject the new organ. Foods like soy sauce and some cheese are made using members of this group.

134
Q

When you see a mushroom growing from a dead log, which part of the fungus are you observing?

A

The fruiting body.

135
Q

Why do you think it is important for government agencies to try to stop the spread of fungal diseases that affect plants, such as potato wart?

A

If fungal diseases are not stopped, there will be increased crop loss resulting in less food and higher economic losses for farmers.

136
Q

List the five characteristics that all animals share.

A

All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms. Their cells do not have cell walls. They are heterotrophs that usually ingest and then digest their food. They are usually mobile, or have the ability to move in at least one stage of their lives. They reproduce sexually and produce an embryo that undergoes stages of development.

137
Q

DIstinguish between tissues and organs.

A

Tissues are made of groups of similar cells that are specialized to perform specific tasks; tissues, in turn, are organized into organs and organ systems, each with particular functions.

138
Q

Distinguish among asymmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical, and radially symmetrical body plans. Give an example of an organism that exhibits each type.

A

Asymmetry describes a body shape that is irregular and cannot be divided into matching halves, such as in sponges. Bilateral symmetry describes bodies that can be divided into two mirror halves only, such as a turtle. Radial symmetry describes bodies for which there are multiple ways to divide the organism to make matching halves, such as a hydra.

139
Q

Identify the three layers of cells found in most animals, and describe the importance of these layers.

A

The three layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The development of these three layers helps sort cells into an arrangement that produces specialized tissues and organs in the adult animal.

140
Q

Compare and contrast an acoelomate body plan and a coelomate body plan. Which type of plan do humans have? Explain your answer.

A

Acoelomates have a flattened body and do not have a fluid-filled cavity for complex organ systems. Coelomates have a fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems. Humans are coelomates because we have a cavity that contains complex organ systems.

141
Q

Compare and contrast external and internal fertilization.

A

Both are used in sexual reproduction to produce a zygote. External fertilization occurs when gametes combine outside the body. Internal fertilization occurs when the egg and sperm combine inside the female body.

142
Q

How do sponges differ from other animals?

A

Sponges are asymmetrical and do not have tissues.

143
Q

What are the three major classes of cnidarians, and what three traits do they have in common?

A

Freshwater hydras, marine jellyfish, and sea anemones and corals. They have tissues, radial body symmetry, and a gastrovascular cavity where food is digested.

144
Q

Name three classes of molluscs and the ecosystems they can each occupy.

A

Shelled snails and slugs (gastropods) include species that are terrestrial, aquatic, or marine. Clams and relatives (bivalves) include species that are found in fresh water or in salt water. Octopuses and squids (cephalopods) are marine species only.

145
Q

What are tube feet and what are they used for?

A

Tube feet are small muscular, fluid-filled tubes, which end in suction cup structures, such as the ones found in echinoderms. They are used for locomotion, but some sea stars also use them to open up mollusc prey that is protected within shells.

146
Q

Describe the advantages of the insect exoskeleton.

A

The rigidity of an insect exoskeleton protects the animal; it provides points of attachment for wings and legs and it resists drying out, allowing insects to occupy dry environments.

147
Q

What features do animals in Phylum Chordata have in common?

A

They have a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord.

148
Q

Why are birds and mammals called tetrapods?

A

They have two pairs of limbs.

149
Q

List four reasons why reptiles were able to move into dry, terrestrial environments.

A

Waterproof body scales that prevent dehydration; breathe only through lungs (do not need moist skin for respiration); lay shelled, amniotic eggs that resist drying out; fertilization is internal, removing the need to release gametes into moist environments.

150
Q

A structure unique to kelp is the air bladfder, which looks like a small balloon at the base of each blade. The stipe of the kelp is very flexible and cannot stand up on its own. Predict why the air bladder provides an advantage to this group of seaweeds.

A

It keeps them upright without the need for a strong stem.

151
Q

Explain the ecological and economic importance of brown, red, and green algae.

A

Ecologically

photosynthesis, producers in the food chain

Economically

Brown - support fisheries

Red - sushi wraps, dairy thickener

Green - support fisheries

152
Q

Explain why green algae are said to be the most plant-like of all the algae.

A

Plants are noted for their photosynthetic ability. Green algae produce a significant portion of the oxygen on Earth. Some green algae look very similar to plants.

153
Q

What is the most obvious reason the organisms below would not be classified as plants?

A

Unicellular, Have Flagella

154
Q

List the significant developments in the evolution of land plants.

A

Production of embryos, development of vascular tissue, production of seeds, production of flowers.

155
Q

Define the term embryo and describe the embryo associated with green plants.

A

Embryo – an organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.

Small multicellular plants.

156
Q

The world’s tallest trees, which are examples of vascular plants, are found in temperate rainforests along the west coast of North America. Identify and describe the function of the two types of plant vascular tissue and explain how the evolution of vascular tissue allowed plants to grow to this size.

A

The evolution of xylem and phloem, through the use of lignin, allowed plants to grow to larger sizes because they had the capacity for moving water and substances in the water. Without it, plants would still be small.

157
Q

Describe the function of roots and leaves in vascular plants.

A

Roots absorb water, anchor the plant and provide structure; leaves perform photosynthesis.

158
Q

Describe a terrestrial landscape as it might appear if plant vascular tissue had never evolved.

A

Because vascular tissue allows plants to grow to larger sizes, without it a terrestrial landscape would be covered with plants that grow close to the ground.

159
Q

Name the four major groups of plants and give an example of each.

A

Nonvascular plants like mosses, vascular seedless plants like ferns, gymnosperms like coniferous trees, and angiosperms like roses.

160
Q

Land plants exhibit an alternation of generations. Identify the group of land plants in which the gametophyte is the dominant plant.

A

In the seedless, non-vascular plant.

161
Q

Land plants exhibit an alternation of generations. In which two groups is the gametophyte never a free-living plant?

A

In the gymnosperms and angiosperms.

162
Q

In the fern life cycle, both asexual spores and male and female gametes are produced. Indicate which life stage produces spores and whether it is by mitosis or meiosis. Do the same for gametes.

A

The larger sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, and the smaller gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis.

163
Q

List four advantages seeds provide to land plants.

A

Seeds allow plants to reproduce sexually without needing water (initially), provide protection against harsh environment conditions, can survive without water for many years, and can be dispersed in a variety of ways (wind, etc.).

164
Q

In which group of plants are most species evergreen?

A

Most gymnosperms are coniferous trees, and most of them are evergreen.

165
Q

Are the cones of coniferous trees male or female, or are they both? Infer the advantages and disadvantages of each possibility.

A

Cones are either male or female, and are different in form and persistence. Answers will vary, but if cones were both male and female, the pollen from one cone would be highly likely to fertilize the female part of the cone. Being either male or female, this increases the chance of fertilizing a female cone on another tree.

166
Q

Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) are widespread throughout Ontario. The red squirrel feeds mainly on seeds and cones of conifers. In coniferous forest habitats, these mammals create middens, which are the accumulation of cone scales and debris left from feeding. The midden is used as a storage area, for caching cones, and it likely provides a cool, moist environment that facilitates seed storage. Infer how the behaviour of the red squirrel helps disperse the seeds of coniferous trees.

A

The squirrels gather cones from all over the forest, but carry them back to their midden. This will cause mixing of cones from various areas.

167
Q

Arrange the seeless vascular plants, angiosperms, non-vascular plants, and gymnosperms in order according to the complexity of their features. Then, arrange the same groups in the order in which they appear in the fossil record. Compare the order of your two lists and comment on the pattern.

A

Both lists will be this order: non-vascular, vascular seedless, gymnosperms (seeds but no flowers), and angiosperms (both seeds and flowers). Over time, plants have become increasingly complex, and the older groups increasingly less significant in terms of current diversity.

168
Q

Describe the development of fruit in flowering plants and explain the rold fruit plays in seed dispersal.

A

A fruit is a mature ovary that contains seeds. The ovary develops from the base of the flower and, sometimes, additional parts of the flower or plant become part of the fruit as well. Fruits represent adaptations to disperse seeds successfully. Many animals eat sweet fruits and excrete the seeds in a new location. Burrs stick to the fur of animals, such as bears. Some fruits, such as coconuts, float to new locations.

169
Q

Identify the main characteristics of a fungus.

A

Fungi are multicelluar, eukaryotic, heterotrophic. They perform extracellular digestion. Fungi can be parasitic, predatory, mutualistic or saprobrial.

170
Q

Leaf cutter ants are found in the tropical regions of Central and South America. They have underground chambers where they grow fungi that consume the leaf pieces collected by the ants. The fungus on the leaves grows a structure that is consumed by the ants. What nutrition category do you think these fungi belong in? Infer the type of ecological relationship that exists between the ant and the fungus.

A

The fungi that grow on the leaves are saprobial. The ants have a mutualistic relationship with the fungus. The fungus gets food and appropriate conditions, and the ant gets food from the fungus.

171
Q

Infer why being able to reproduce using spores that can be widely dispersed is such an important adaptation for fungi.

A

If all of the fungi stayed in the same place, there would be too much competition for nutrition. Spores allow them to spread to new areas that have more food.

172
Q

Give two examples of parasitic fungi and explain how each obtains its nutrition.

A

Cordyceps – infects brains of insects and digests them

Chytrid – infects potato plants and causes potato wart

There are other possible examples.

173
Q

A student observes bread mould (Rhizopus) using a dissecting microscope. The student noted that there were “tunnels” in the bread. Infer what might have caused these tunnel-like structures in the bread.

A

Mycelium

174
Q

Which two groups of fungi produce fruiting bodies known as mushrooms? What are the spore-producing structures of each called?

A

The Ascomycetes produce spores in asci and the Basidiomycetes produce spores in basidia.

175
Q

Explain what a composite organism is and give an example of one.

A

A composite organism is one that is made of a partnership that each partner depends on (obligate). Lichen species are each a unique organism that is dependent upon a fungus and photosynthetic partner.

176
Q

Infer how each organism that makes up a lichen benefits from the relationship.

A

The algae make sugar for the fungi to absorb and digest. The fungi provide nutrients to the algae so that it can make the sugar.

177
Q

What is a coelom, and what does it provide coelomate animals?

A

Coelom – a fluid filled body cavity that provides space for organs

It allows for organ systems.

178
Q

Describe how cnidarians use their tentacles to obtain nourishment.

A

The tentacles capture prey and move it toward the mouth.

179
Q

The Portuguese man of war lives at the surface of the ocean. It has an air bladder that allows it to float on the surface. Below the main body dangle long tentacles which occasionally reach 50 metres in length below the surface. Each tentacle bears stinging, venom-filled thread-like structures that sting and kill small sea creatures such as small fish and shrimp. Based on this information, identify the phylum of this organism and identify its basic body form.

A

Due to the presence of stinging tentacles, a Portuguese man of war is likely a cnidarian. It will have radial symmetry with a flattened mouth-down form.

180
Q

What is a mantle.

A

The mantle is a membrane that surrounds the internal organs of molluscs. In shell-producing species like snails and bivalves, it also secretes the calcium carbonate.

181
Q

Into which phylum is the organism below classified? What are the main characteristics of organisms in this phylum?

A

Echinodermata – radial symmetry, spiny endoskeletons, tube feet, including a water vascular system.

182
Q

Explain how an adaptation such as an exoskeleton allows insects to inhabit terrestrial.

A

Allows them to retain moisture.

183
Q

Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders for buoyancy. Predict what would happen to a shark if it stopped swimming for a long period of time.

A

It would sink.

184
Q

As birds evolved they developed the ability to fly, which gives them much greater mobility than most mammals. Unlike a dog pregnant with a litter of puppies, a bird is unable to carry its developing offspring in its body. How are laying and incubating eggs outside the body an adaptation for flying?

A

The eggs would make them too heavy to fly.

185
Q

_____, especially green _____, are the link between the plant-like protists and the plant kingdom.

A

Algae, especially green algae, are the link between the plant-like protists and the plant kingdom.

186
Q

Algae are divided into three groups, based on _____ – _____, _____, and _____.

A

Algae are divided into three groups, based on colour – brown, red, and green.

187
Q

Plants produce _____ during reproduction, and most live in _____ ecosystems.

A

Plants produce embryos during reproduction, and most live in terrestrial ecosystems.

188
Q

Vascular plants have _____ and _____, which are tissues that transport materials throughout the plant.

A

Vascular plants have xylem and phloem, which are tissues that transport materials throughout the plant.

189
Q

Plants use _____ reproduction, and thus they have a diploid _____ stage and a haploid _____ stage.

A

Plants use sporic reproduction, and thus they have a diploid sporophyte stage and a haploid gametophye stage.

190
Q

_____, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, do not have vascular tissue, flowers, or seeds.

A

Bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, do not have vascular tissue, flowers, or seeds.

191
Q

_____ are the best-known seedless vascular plants. They have specialized tissue for internal transport but no flowers or seeds.

A

Ferns are the best-known seedless vascular plants. They have specialized tissue for internal transport but no flowers or seeds.

192
Q

Seed-producing vascular plants are divided into two groups: _____ and _____. _____, which include conifers, are vascular plants that have cones. _____ produce flowers, and their seeds are contained in a fruit.

A

Seed-producing vascular plants are divided into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms, which include conifers, are vascular plants that have cones. Angiosperms produce flowers, and their seeds are contained in a fruit.

193
Q

Angiosperms are divided into two groups: _____ and _____. _____ have only one cotyledon, whereas _____ have two.

A

Angiosperms are divided into two groups: monocots and dicots. Monocots have only one cotyledon, whereas dicots have two.

194
Q

The basic body form of _____ consists of a mycelium and spore-producing and gamete-producing structures.

A

The basic body form of fungi consists of a mycelium and spore-producing and gamete-producing structures.

195
Q

Fungi are nourished by _____, _____, _____ or _____ means.

A

Fungi are nourished by parasitic, predatory, mutualistic or saprobial means.

196
Q

Some fungi reproduce through asexual reproduction, such as _____ and _____. Others reproduce through sexual reproduction. Some reproduce using both asexual and sexual reproduction.

A

Some fungi reproduce through asexual reproduction, such as budding and fragmentation. Others reproduce through sexual reproduction. Some reproduce using both asexual and sexual reproduction.

197
Q

_____ are divided into _____ groups based on reproduction and the structure of the fruiting body produced.

A

Fungi are divided into five groups based on reproduction and the structure of the fruiting body produced.

198
Q

_____ are composite organisms made of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.

A

Lichen are composite organisms made of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.

199
Q

_____ are heterotrophic eukaryotes that ingest their food.

A

Animals are heterotrophic eukaryotes that ingest their food.

200
Q

Animals exhibit different types of body symmetry, including _____ symmetry and _____ symmetry.

A

Animals exhibit different types of body symmetry, including radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry.

201
Q

The first veterbrates were _____, but the tetrapods include several successful classes of _____ animals.

A

The first veterbrates were marine, but the tetrapods include several successful classes of terrestrial animals.

202
Q

Most amphibians depend on _____ ecosystems.

A

Most amphibians depend on aquatic ecosystems.

203
Q

Reptiles include the now extinct _____ and perhaps also the modern birds.

A

Reptiles include the now extinct dinosaurs and perhaps also the modern birds.

204
Q

Most _____, including _____, are placental and have long gestation periods.

A

Most mammals, including humans, are placental and have long gestation periods.

205
Q

Which of the followin is/are considered ancestors of plants?

Animal-Like Protists

Ferns

Fungi

Algae

All Of The Above

A

Algae

206
Q

Which characteristic can be described as radial or bilateral?

Segmentation

Body Symmetry

Movement

Reproduction

Body Cavity

A

Body Symmetry

207
Q

Which structural feature do multicellular algae have that is very similar to a root?

Stipe

Holdfast

Blade

Trunk

Rhizome

A

Holdfast

208
Q

Which version of a fern produces gametes (sperms and eggs)?

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Diploid

Haploid

Gametophyte and Haploid

A

Gametophyte and Haploid

209
Q

What do the words coelopmate and acoelomate refer to?

Levels of Organization

Body Layers

Symmetry

Body Cavity

Segmentation

A

Body Cavity

210
Q

Which of the following statements about seedless non-vascular plants is false?

They exhibit alternation of generations.

The diploid gametophyte is the dominant form.

The male reproductive part is called the antheridium.

The female reproductive part is called the archegonium.

The zygote becomes the sporophyte.

A

The diploid gametophyte is the dominant form.

211
Q

How do ferns reproduce?

Sperm are blown through the air to an egg.

Eggs are blown through the air to the sperm.

Sperm swim to an egg.

An egg swims to the sperm.

Spores swim to an egg.

A

Sperm swims to an egg.

212
Q

What do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?

They are found in all habitats.

They produce flowers.

They produce fruits.

They have leaves with a large surface area.

They reproduce with seeds.

A

They reproduce with seeds.

213
Q

Which group exhibits radial symmetry?

Sponges

Crustaceans

Mammals

Cnidarians

Tetrapods

A

Cnidarians

214
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

They produce their own food through photosynthesis.

They produce their own food through chemosynthesis.

They release digestive enzymes on their food and then absorb the nutrients.

They ingest food and then absorb the nutrients.

They absorb nutrients through root hairs.

A

They release digestive enzymes on their food and then absorb the nutrients.

215
Q

Which characteristic is unique to arthropods?

Jointed Legs

Segmented Body

Exoskeleton

Antennae

Jointed Legs and Segmented Body

A

Jointed Legs

216
Q

What one of the following best describes a difference between the fruiting body and the mycelium of a multicellular fungus?

Fruiting body grows above ground; mycelium grows below ground.

Both made of hyphae.

Mycelium makes spores; fruiting body absorbs nutrients.

Fruiting body grows below ground; mycelium grows above ground.

None of the above are correct.

A

Fruiting body grows above ground; mycelium grows below ground.

217
Q

Which one of the following statements about fungi is not true?

Parasitic fungi absorbs nutrients from a living host.

Predatory fungi can trap prey in their mycelium.

Mutualistic fungi help plants absorb nutrients.

Photosynthetic fungi make their own food.

Saprobial fungi are decomposers.

A

Photosynthetic fungi make their own food.

218
Q

_____ fungi absorb nutrients from a living host.

A

Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from a living host.

219
Q

_____ fungi can trap prey in thei mycelium.

A

Predatory fungi can trap prey in their mycelium.

220
Q

_____ fungi help plants absorb nutrients.

A

Mutualistic fungi help plants absorb nutrients.

221
Q

_____ fungi are decomposers.

A

Saprobial fungi are decomposers.

222
Q

Which class of vertebrates is hypothesized to be most closely related to reptiles?

Cartilaginous Fish

Bony Fish

Amphibians

Birds

Mammals

A

Birds

223
Q

What is a lichen?

A fungus and a photosynthetic organism that form a symbiotic relationship.

A terrestrial algae.

An archaea and yeast that form a symbiotic relationship.

A sac fungi which grows with a club fungi forming a symbiotic relationship.

An aquatic fungi.

A

A fungus and a photosynthetic organism that form a symbiotic relationship.

224
Q

Which of the following is an example of a vascular seedless plant?

Fern

Mushroom

Liverwort

Moss

Pine Tree

A

Fern

225
Q

What does #1 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Anther

226
Q

What does #2 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Pollen

227
Q

What does #3 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Filament

228
Q

What does #4 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Stamen

229
Q

What does #5 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Stigma

230
Q

What does #6 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Style

231
Q

What does #7 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Ovary

232
Q

What does #8 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Ovule

233
Q

What does #9 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Pistil

234
Q

What does #10 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Fruiting Body

235
Q

What does #11 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Mycelium

236
Q

What does #12 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Hyphae

237
Q

Which characteristic is used to classify multicellular algae into different phyla and identify the phyla.

A

We classify multicellular algae by colour into red algae (Rhodophytes), brown algae (Phaeophytes), and green algae (Chlorophytes).

238
Q

Relate the terms hyphae, fruiting body, and mycelium.

A

The fruiting body, hyphae and mycelium are all parts of fungi. The fruiting body is the above ground visible part, the hyphae are the internal tube that provide structure to the fruiting body and the mycelium is the underground mass of hyphae.

239
Q

Describe two uses that humans make of fungi.

A

Any of the following are acceptable:

  • Source of food.
  • Decomposing organic waste.
  • Drugs (penicilin).
  • Cheese.
  • Bread (yeast).
240
Q

Identify two differences in the way that gymnosperms and angiosperms reproduce.

A

Angiosperms and gymnosperms both reproduce using seeds. Angiosperms contain seeds in a fruit while gymnosperms contain seeds in a cone. Angiosperms mostly rely on animals while gymnosperms mostly rely on wind to spread seeds.

241
Q

The structure shown in the picture is unique to kelp. Identify this structure and predict why it provides an advantage to this group of seaweed.

A

The structure shown in the picture is an air bladder. It allows kelp to stay upright underwater and allows them to be closer to the surface without having strong stems, which puts them in a better position for photosynthesis.

242
Q

Describe two ways in which bryophytes are different than the other groups of plants.

A

Bryophytes are different than other groups of plants because they contain no vascular tissue, which other plants do have, and their dominant form is gametophyte, not sporophyte like all other plants.

243
Q

Define the term invertebrate. The identify one of the phyla of invertebrates and provide on example of an invertebrate animal from that phylum.

A

The term invertebrate refers to organisms in the kingdom Animalia that do not contain a backbone. 34 of the 35 phyla in Animalia are invertebrates, including the phylum Ponifera, which contain sponges. There are other phyla though.

Grade 11 - SBI3U (15 decks)

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