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Grade 11 - SBI3U > Unit 4: Chapter 12: The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 12: The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anemia

A

A common blood disorder in which the blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells.

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2
Q

Define Aneurysm

A

A bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall.

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3
Q

Define Angioplasty

A

A surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery.

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4
Q

Define Aorta

A

An artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries.

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5
Q

Define Arrhythmia

A

An irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat.

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6
Q

Define Arteriosclerosis

A

General term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose their elasticity.

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7
Q

Define Atherosclerosis

A

A condition in which fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the artery to narrow; causes decrease in blood flow and increase in blood pressure.

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8
Q

Define Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

The specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract.

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9
Q

Define Atrioventricular Valve

A

A valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium.

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10
Q

Define Blood

A

The bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended.

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11
Q

Define Blood Pressure

A

The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels.

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12
Q

Define Blood Vessel

A

A hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues.

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13
Q

Define Cardiac Circulation

A

The movement of blood through the heart tissues.

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14
Q

Define Cardiac Output

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min.

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15
Q

Define Circulatory System

A

The system that transports blood, nutrients, and waste around the body.

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16
Q

Define Closed Circulatory System

A

A circulatory sytem in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

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17
Q

Define Congenital Heart Defect

A

A heart defect that is present from birth.

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18
Q

Define Coronary Bypass

A

A surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries.

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19
Q

Define Diastolic Pressure

A

The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill with blood.

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20
Q

Define Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

A record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart.

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21
Q

Define Heart

A

The muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body.

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22
Q

Define Hemophilia

A

An inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally.

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23
Q

Define Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

A stoke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue.

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24
Q

Define Ischemic Stroke

A

A stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain.

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25
Q

Define Leukemia

A

Cancer of the white blood cells.

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26
Q

Define Nanotechnology

A

Technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules.

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27
Q

Define Open Circulatory System

A

A circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity.

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28
Q

Define Pacemaker

A

A device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat.

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29
Q

Define Pulmonary Artery

A

The large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.

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30
Q

Define Pulmonary Circulation

A

The path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

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31
Q

Define Pulmonary Vein

A

The blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart.

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32
Q

Define Semilunar Valve

A

A valve between the ventricle and the large arteries; it carries blood away from the heart.

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33
Q

Define Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

The modified heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract.

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34
Q

Define Sphygmomanometer

A

A medical device used to measure blood pressure.

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35
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat.

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36
Q

Define Systemic Circulation

A

The path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the heart.

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37
Q

Define Systolic Pressure

A

The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.

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38
Q

Define Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels.

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39
Q

Define Vasodilation

A

The widening of the blood vessels.

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40
Q

Define Xenotransplant

A

A transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another.

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41
Q

What is a common blood disorder in which the blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells known as?

A

Anemia

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42
Q

What is a bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall known as?

A

Aneurysm

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43
Q

What is a surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery known as?

A

Angioplasty

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44
Q

What is an artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries known as?

A

Aorta

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45
Q

What is an irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat known as?

A

Arrhythmia

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46
Q

What is general term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose their elasticity known as?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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47
Q

What is a condition in which fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the artery to narrow and causes a decrease in blood flow and an increase in blood pressure known as?

A

Athersclerosis

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48
Q

What are the specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract known as?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

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49
Q

What is a valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium known as?

A

Atrioventricular Valve

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50
Q

What is the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels known as?

A

Blood Pressure

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51
Q

What is the bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended known as?

A

Blood

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52
Q

What is a hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues known as?

A

Blood Vessel

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53
Q

What is the movement of blood through the heart tissues known as?

A

Cardiac Circulation

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54
Q

What is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min known as?

A

Cardiac Output

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55
Q

What is the system that transports blood, nutrients, and waste around the body known as?

A

Circulatory System

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56
Q

What is a circulatory sytem in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid known as?

A

Closed Circulatory System

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57
Q

What is a heart defect that is present from birth known as?

A

Congenital Heart Defect

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58
Q

What is a surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries known as?

A

Coronary Bypass

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59
Q

What is the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill with blood known as?

A

Diastolic Pressure

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60
Q

What is a record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart known as?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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61
Q

What is the muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body known as?

A

Heart

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62
Q

What is an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally known as?

A

Hemophilia

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63
Q

What is a stoke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue known as?

A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

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64
Q

What is a stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain known as?

A

Ischemic Stroke

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65
Q

What is cancer of the white blood cells known as?

A

Leukemia

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66
Q

What is technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules known as?

A

Nanotechnology

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67
Q

What is a circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity known as?

A

Open Circulatory System

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68
Q

What is a device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat known as?

A

Pacemaker

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69
Q

What is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs known as?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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70
Q

What is the path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart known as?

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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71
Q

What is the blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart known as?

A

Pulmonary Vein

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72
Q

What is a valve between the ventricle and the large arteries known as?

A

Semilunar Valve

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73
Q

What are the modified heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract known as?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

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74
Q

What is a medical device used to measure blood pressure known as?

A

Sphygmomanometer

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75
Q

What is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat known as?

A

Stroke Volume

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76
Q

What is the path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the heart known as?

A

Systemic Circulation

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77
Q

What is the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart known as?

A

Systolic Pressure

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78
Q

What is the narrowing of the blood vessels known as?

A

Vasoconstriction

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79
Q

What is the widening of the blood vessels known as?

A

Vasodilation

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80
Q

What is a transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another known as?

A

Xenotransplant

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81
Q

The circulatory system transports _____, _____, and _____ throughout the entire body.

A

The circulatory system transports gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the entire body.

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82
Q

The three majors components of the circulatory system are the _____, _____, and _____.

A

The three majors components of the circulatory system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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83
Q

Mammals have a closed circulatory system, meaning that the circulating _____ is contained within _____ and kept seperate from _____ fluid.

A

Mammals have a closed circulatory system, meaning that the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept seperate from interstitial fluid.

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84
Q

The mammalian heart is made up of _____ chambers- _____ upper chambers called the _____, and _____ bottom chambers called the _____.

A

The mammalian heart is made up of four chambers- two upper chambers called the atria and two bottom chambers called the ventricles.

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85
Q

The two main functions of _____ are to transport materials throughout the body, and to help maintain a steady body temperature.

A

The two main functions of blood are to transport materials throughout the body, and to help maintain a steady body temperature.

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86
Q

The heartbeat is triggered by an electrical signal generated by the _____, and transmitted by the _____.

A

The heartbeat is triggered by an electrical signal generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node, and transmitted by the atrioventricular (AV) node.

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87
Q

Doctors use a _____ to listen to sounds made by the heart. Variations in the normal heart sound indicate possible problems.

A

Doctors use a stethoscope to listen to sounds made by the heart. Variations in the normal heart sound indicate possible problems.

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88
Q

Blood pressure is measured using a _____, and consists of two different readings- the maximum pressure exerted on the vessel walls is the _____ pressure, and the lowest pressure exerted is the _____ pressure.

A

Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, and consists of two different readings- the maximum pressure exerted on the vessel walls is the systolic pressure, and the lowest pressure exerted is the diastolic pressure.

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89
Q

_____ output and _____ volume are used as indicators of cardiovascular fitness.

A

Cardiac output and stroke volume are used as indicators of cardiovascular fitness.

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90
Q

Cardiovascular fitness is the capacity of the _____, _____, and _____ to deliver oxygen to working muscles during prolonged physical activity.

A

Cardiovascular fitness is the capacity of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during prolonged physical activity.

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91
Q

_____ is a general term for a group of conditions in which the artery walls thicken and lose their elastic properties.

A

Arteriosclerosis is a general term for a group of conditions in which the artery walls thicken and lose their elastic properties.

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92
Q

The most common type of arteriosclerosis is _____, or the build-up of plaque on the artery walls, which causes over _____ percent of heart attacks.

A

The most common type of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis, or the build-up of plaque on the artery walls, which causes over 90 percent of heart attacks.

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93
Q

_____ and _____ are two common surgical treatments for atheriosclerosis.

A

Angioplasty and coronary bypass are two common surgical treatments for atheriosclerosis.

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94
Q

Technologies for diagnosing disorders of the _____ system include chest X rays, angiography, cardiac catheterization, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (ECHO), CT scan, and MRI.

A

Technologies for diagnosing disorders of the circulatory system include chest X rays, angiography, cardiac catheterization, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (ECHO), CT scan, and MRI.

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95
Q

_____, _____, and _____ are three common blood disorders. They are treated in various ways, including blood transfusion.

A

Hemophilia, leukemia, and anemia are three common blood disorders. They are treated in various ways, including blood transfusion.

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96
Q

Explain how hemolymph in the open circulatory system of an insect moves through its body.

A

In an open circulatory system such as that of an insect, hemolymph is pumped through a single vessel by tubular hearts, and is then pushed from one open space or chamber to the next by muscle contractions.

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97
Q

What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?

A

Main functions of the circulatory system: (1) transport gases (from the respiratory system), nutrient molecules, and waste materials (from the digestive system); (2) regulate the internal temperature and transport chemical substances that are vital to health from one part of the body to the other; (3) protect against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced into the body.

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98
Q

What is the main difference between open and closed circulatory system?

A

In an open circulatory system, vessels open into the animal’s body cavity, whereas in a closed circulatory system the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

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99
Q

If the left ventricle was not able to pump blood properly, what effect would this have on the lungs?

A

Since the right ventricle sends blood to the lungs and the left ventricle sends blood into the rest of the body, an improperly working left ventricle would not have any effect on the lungs.

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100
Q

Describe the oxygen content (O2-rich or O2-poor) of the blood in each of the four chambers of the heart.

A

right atrium: O2-poor

right ventricle: O2-poor

left atrium: O2-rich

left ventricle: O2-poor

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101
Q

Describe the destination of the blood leaving each of the four chambers of the heart.

A

right atrium: blood going to right ventricle

right ventricle: blood going to lungs

left atrium: blood going to left ventricle

left ventricle: blood going to body

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102
Q

Explan why veins have valves.

A

Veins have valves to allow blood to flow only toward the heart when open, and to prevent the backward flow of blood when closed.

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103
Q

Do all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and all veins carry oxygen-poor blood? Explain your answer.

A

Because blood in the pulmonary arteries is oxygenpoor, but blood in the pulmonary veins is oxygen-rich, it is incorrect to say that all arteries carry blood high in oxygen and all veins carry blood low in oxygen.

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104
Q

Describe one function of each of the three main types of blood vessels.

A

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood towards the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of materials between the circulatory system and the cells of the body.

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105
Q

When a person exercises, one of the physiological responses is an increase in blood flow. In terms of the circulatory system, describe what is happening.

A

As the muscles work, they use up energy and generate waste products, such as carbon dioxide. At the same time, there is a greater need for oxygen to generate the needed energy. The increased blood flow helps the lungs exchange more oxygen and release the carbon dioxide carried by the blood.

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106
Q

Compare an artery with a vein structurally.

A

Arteries have thicker walls then do veins; veins are less elastic than arteries; veins have a larger inner circumference than arteries.

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107
Q

Provide details about the three main components of blood.

A

The three main components of blood are: plasma; white bloods cells and platelets; and red blood cells. Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, consists of water with dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, and waste products. Plasma makes up about 55% of blood volume. Th e solid component of blood that comprises the other 45% consists of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

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108
Q

How does exercise help reduce high blood pressure?

A

Regular exercise helps keep arteries elastic, which ensures normal blood fl ow and normal blood pressure.

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109
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Stenosis is a narrowing in the opening of the heart valves or arteries that can result in the non-smooth (or turbulent) flow of blood.

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110
Q

What is the sinoatrial node, and why is it often called the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The SA node is a nerve bundle that stimulates atrial contraction and controls the heartbeat. It acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker because its self-firing mechanism generates electrical signals at regular intervals, which automatically repeats a cycle of fi ring, relaxing, and firing.

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111
Q

Predict what a blood pressure reading of 80/120 might indicate.

A

Th e ratio of 2:3 is quite dissimilar to the normal 3:2 ratio for systolic/diastolic. Th e 80 reading might indicate that the maximum pressure is not being achieved when the ventricles contract, meaning that not enough blood is being pumped from the heart. Th is individual might experience dizziness and a feeling of being cold. Th e 120 reading might indicate that the heart has not completely relaxed and has not yet reached its lowest point. Th is individual might experience hyperactivity and a feeling of being overheated.

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112
Q

Identify two causes of high blood pressure. Describe a treatment you could use to lower your blood pressure if it was too high.

A

Answers could include any two of the following: genetics, activity, stress, body temperature, diet, and medications. Treatments could include exercise, better diet, or blood pressure medications.

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113
Q

Why is plaque a health risk if it occurs in arteries that supply the brain?

A

When arteries supplying blood to the brain are clogged with plaque (fatty deposits), this cuts off the flow of oxygen and nutrients to brain tissue, increasing the risk of a stroke.

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114
Q

Why is it important to treat an aneurysm as soon as it is diagnosed?

A

Blood pressure causes the aneurysm to grow larger over time, with an increasing risk of bursting. If the aneurysm bursts, there will be internal bleeding that can quickly lead to death.

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115
Q

Aortic stenosis is a condition in which the aortic valve has become narrowed or constricted and does not open and close properly. Describe how this condition affects the heart’s ability to pump blood.

A

In aortic stenosis, the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle is reduced. As a result, the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases and blood backs up into the lungs.

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116
Q

Describe three procedures used to repair the heart.

A

(1) Angioplasty is a surgical procedure used to open a clogged artery and to place a stent in the artery to prevent further blockage. (2) Coronary bypass surgery is used to re-route the blood flow by creating new pathways for the blood to flow between the aorta and the blocked arteries. (3) Valve replacement is the use of animal or human sources, or synthetic materials, to either repair or replace fused or damaged valves.

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117
Q

Explain how a surgeon might distinguish between the two types of strokes using MRI scans.

A

An ischemic stroke is caused by a clot in a blood vessel. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and the blood f ows into the surrounding brain tissue. Using an MRI scan, a clot in a blood vessel (ischemic stroke) could easily be distinguished from a rupture (hemorrhagic stroke) because the excess blood could be identified.

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118
Q

What is an exercise electrocardiogram, by what other name is it commonly known, and why might a doctor or other medical professional order such a test for a patient?

A

An exercise cardiogram is also known as a cardiac stress test. An exercise ECG is usually performed to diagnose the cause of chest pain, irregular heartbeats, dizziness, or fatigue.

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119
Q

Explain why an open circulatory system is well suited to the metabolic needs of an insect.

A

The body cavity in an insect is very small, which means that the blood does not have far to circulate. As the respiratory and circulatory systems are separate, even a very active insect can meet its oxygen requirements despite its relatively slow circulation.

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120
Q

The human circulatory system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Some of the structures involved in the circulation of blood are listed below. In what order does blood entering the heart pass through these structures?

A. pulmonary arteries

B. right atrium

C. right ventricle

D. vena cava

A

d. vena cava; b. right atrium; c. right ventricle; and a. pulmonary arteries

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121
Q

Identify three key functions of the proteins and the salts in plasma.

A

Proteins:

  • Maintain fluid balance in plasma, in cells, and in spaces between cells
  • Help maintain slightly alkaline pH
  • Fibrinogen helps with blood clotting
  • Globulins (antibodies) strengthen immunity

Salts:

  • Maintain fluid balance in plasma, in cells, and in spaces between cells
  • Help maintain slightly alkaline pH
  • Assists in nerve and muscle function
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122
Q

Explain how the function of the erythrocyte is related to its biconcave shape.

A

The biconcave shape of an erythrocyte increases the surface area available for gas exchange, and the lack of a nucleus makes these cells smaller and more flexible as they travel through the body tissues.

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123
Q

The range of the number of red blood cells in men is 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microlitre (µL) and in women the range is 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/µL. What might be some reasons for this difference?

A

Men are usually taller and weigh more than the average woman. Since men’s bones are therefore longer and bigger, more red blood cells could be manufactured in the bone marrow.

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124
Q

Why is it important for a patient who has a leaky heart valve to have the valve replaced?

A

The heart has to work harder to compensate for the backflow of blood through the valve, so having a leaky heart valve could result in heart failure in some patients.

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125
Q

Analyze how the structure of an artery is related to its function.

A

An artery has three different structural layers. The outer layer is a covering of connective tissue mixed with a few elastic fibres. The thickest middle layer is composed of alternating bands of elastic fibres and smooth muscle. The inner layer, only one single cell thick, reduces the friction of the blood as it flows through. The elasticity of the walls of the artery allows expansion and contraction as blood flows through and also adds to the pumping motion that forces the blood through the vessels, as is evidenced in your pulse.

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126
Q

Summarize some of the basic functions of a mammal’s circulatory system.

A

Some of the basic functions of a mammal’s circulatory system are:

(1) it transports gases (from the respiratory system), nutrient molecules, and waste materials (from the digestive system)
(2) it regulates internal temperature and transports chemical substances that are vital to health from one part of the body to the other
(3) it protects against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced into the body

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127
Q

Explain why plasma is so vital to your existence.

A

Plasma contains proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen that have many vital functions that include resisting infections, helping blood to clot, maintaining a slightly alkaline pH in the blood, and adjusting the body’s fluid balance. The plasma also contains organic substances and inorganic ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate that are essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction and maintaining the body’s fluid balance.

128
Q

A pharmaceutical company develops an artificial red blood cell that is very effective at transporting oxygen but is unable to transport carbon dioxide. Explain what would happen in the blood vessels if this substance were used in a blood transfusion. How would this affect the patient? Assums the transfusion has no effect on the level of plasma in the blood.

A

Since the artificial blood is unable to transport carbon dioxide, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the body and blood vessels will increase. This will cause an increase in acidity, forming carbonic acid, which in turn increases the concentration of hydrogen atoms— this could build up to toxic levels that can be harmful to the person.

129
Q

Explain the role of the blood and the circulatory system in the digestive system.

A

The digestive system works closely with the circulatory system to transport absorbed nutrients throughout the body; circulatory system transmits chemical messages that control the speed of digestion.

130
Q

Explain the role of the blood and the circulatory system in the respiratory system.

A

The respiratory system supplies the blood with oxygen, which the circulatory system then delivers to other parts of the body; carbon dioxide is carried by the circulatory system back to the lungs, where it is exhaled from the body.

131
Q

Predict what might happen if the AV node does not receive a signal from the SA node.

A

If no signal is received from the SA node, then the ventricles will not contract and no blood can flow from the heart to the body tissues.

132
Q

If the gaps between adjacent P waves on an ECG are measured, what can be deduced about the action of the heart?

A

The P wave begins when the SA node fires and the atria contract. The QRS complex occurs as the ventricles contract. The T wave occurs as the ventricles relax. The typical “lub-DUB” sounds can be heard. If the distance between these adjacent gaps is consistent, then the overall health of the individual can be determined.

133
Q

What three characteristics of a heartbeat can be determined by examining an ECG?

A

Frequency, strength, and duration.

134
Q

Arrange the following statements in the correct sequence for a heartbeat, beginning with contraction of the atria.

A. atria start to contract

B. atria start to fill with blood

C. AV valves close

D. AV valves open

E. blood is pumped from atria to ventricles

F. blood is pumped from ventricles to artery

G. semilunar valves close

H. semilunar valves open

I. ventricles start to contract

J. ventricles start to fill with blood

A

a, e, i, c, h, f, b, g, d, j

135
Q

Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

A

Systolic blood pressure occurs when the left ventricle contracts, forcing blood out of the heart; it is the highest pressure in the cardiac cycle. Diastolic is the lowest blood pressure, and it occurs immediately before another contraction of the ventricle.

136
Q

The sounds of the heartbeat include the familiar “lub” and “DUB” sounds. Explain what it is that causes these sounds.

A

The “lub-DUB” sound is a repeated double beat, which is made as different heart valves close. The first, “lub”, is the sound of the closing of the atrioventicular valves. The second, “DUB”, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing.

137
Q

Suggest two parts of the body where blood usually loses heat and one part of the body where blood gains heat.

A

Blood loses heat in the skin and lungs. Blood gains heat in the muscles.

138
Q

Why does frostbite affect the extremities-the nose, ears, fingers, and toes?

A

Circulation in the extremities is poor in extreme cold because the blood goes to the internal organs to protect them.

139
Q

Can an ECG reading provide information about a person’s cardiac output? Explain amd give examples.

A

No, it cannot. Although an ECG can be used to determine heart rate, it does not provide an indication of stroke volume, which is needed to calculate cardiac output. Two people with the same heart rate but with different stroke volumes would have different cardiac outputs.

140
Q

Some people feel dizzy when they stand up after a period of lying down. Why do you think this happens?

A

It is a form of hypotension in which there is a sudden fall in blood pressure. The sudden fall in blood pressure leads to a diminished blood circulation in the brain area, and may cause a temporary loss of vision.

141
Q

How do you think blood pressure medication lowers high blood pressure?

A

By dilating or relaxing the arteries.

142
Q

Describe what arteriosclerosis is and some of its possible causes.

A

Arteriosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries, which causes them to lose their elasticity. It can be caused by poor diet, smoking, lack of exercise, and lifestyle choices.

143
Q

During angioplasty, the plaque is compressed against the arterial wall. Identify how this surgery might prevent further blocked blood vessels.

A

After the plaque has been compressed against the arterial wall, a stent or wire mesh device is permanently placed in the artery to keep the vessel open and to reduce the possibility of further blockage.

144
Q

The hematocrit is the percentage of an individual’s blood that is made up of red blood cells. A small blood sample is placed in a special hematocrit tube. Blood can be seperated into its components by putting it into a centrifuge and “spinning it down.” When the centrifuge spins, the red blood cells are forced to the bottom of the tube because they are the heaviest element in the blood. A decreased hematocrit can be the result of a low number of red blood cells, decreased volume of red blood cells, or reduced hemoglobin concentration. Identify one blood disorder that may be indicative of a decreased hematocrit, and list the physical symptoms that are usually associated with this disorder.

A

Hemophilia: a person with hemophilia bleeds for a long time and is at risk of dying from internal bleeding that may occur as a result of a minor injury.

145
Q

Describe how a physician might use angiography to diagnose a blockage in circulation.

A

Coronary angiography, or mapping the coronary arteries, is done by injecting a liquid dye into an artery and then taking X rays as the dye moves through the blood vessels. By mapping the flow of dye, a doctor can determine where the circulation is blocked.

146
Q

Explain how a pacemaker monitors arrhythmia.

A

Arrhythmia is an irregular speed or rhythm of the heartbeat. The artificial pacemaker is a small device that only transmits electrical impulses when the heartbeat is abnormal. The pacemaker can send electrical signals to the atria, the ventricles, or to both.

147
Q

Briefly describe how an MRI scan works.

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves instead of X rays. An MRI machine produces a strong magnetic field that forces hydrogen atoms in the body to line up in the direction of the field. A burst of radio waves sent toward the field causes the hydrogen atoms in the brain tissue to briefly alter their alignment, creating a signal that can be detected by the scanner. Computer analysis of these signals generates detailed three-dimensional images of the body’s internal structures.

148
Q

There are two primary types of artificial mitral valve: a mechanical valve and a tissue valve. Mechanical vlaves are made from metal and pyrolytic carbon, while tissue valves are made from animal tissues. Which valve would a doctor likely recommend to a patient with hemophilia? Explain.

A

The doctor would likely recommend a tissue valve, as it does not require that the patient take blood thinners, something that a hemophiliac must avoid so they do not bleed to death.

149
Q

Suppose you need a heart transplant. Identify two advantages of getting an artificial heart transplant, and two disadvantages.

A

Advantages: readily available; no need for immunosuppressive drugs; artificial heart restores hemodynamic stability, raising blood pressure and helping vital organs recover; persons who are not heart transplant candidates have prolonged time with family and friends, and time to enjoy desired activities.

Disadvantages: can wear out or the electrical motor can fail; infection, and the need to take blood thinners to prevent clotting. Stroke and bleeding are also possible complications with the artificial heart; not all patients have a body size that allows the device to be implanted into the chest cavity, making small persons unable to receive the device.

150
Q

How does an ischemic stroke differ from a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

An ischemic stroke is caused by a clot in a blood vessel. This differs from a hemorrhagic stroke, which occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and blood flows into the surrounding brain tissue.

151
Q

A doctor examines a patient and notes the following symptoms:

  • high blood pressure
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • blood clots

What might this person be experiencing and what is the treatment?

A

The person may be experiencing arteriosclerosis. Treatments for this condition include: making healthy lifestyle choices, taking clot-reducing medicines such as Aspirin, taking a clot-busting medication such as urokinase, and surgical treatment, such as angioplasty.

152
Q

Whaty might be some of the safety or environmental concerns related to the use of medical nanotechnologies?

A

Some safety and environmental concerns related to the use of medical nanotechnologies involve unintended effects on human health and/or the environment, such as biological or chemical contamination through leakage, spillage, circulation, inhalation, or accumulated concentrations of nanoparticles in the human body or natural ecosystems.

153
Q

Which of the following occurs during diastole?

The atria fill with blood.

Blood flows into the ventricles.

The elastic recoil of the arteries maintains blood pressure.

The semilunar valves are closed but the AV valves are open.

All of the above are correct.

A

All of the above are correct.

154
Q

An AV valve prevents backflow of blood from

the right ventricles into the right atrium

the left atrium into the left ventricle

the aorta into the left ventricle

the pulmonary vein into the right atrium

the pulmonary artery into the left atrium

A

the right ventricles into the right atrium

155
Q

Which structure initiates a heartbeat?

AV node

right atrium

SA node

left ventricle

right ventricle

A

SA node

156
Q

What is fibrinogen?

a blood protein that is carried by fats

a cell fragment involved in the blood clotting mechanism

a blood protein that is converted to fibrin to form a blood clot

a leukocyte that is involved in trapping bacteria and viruses

a lymphocyte that regulates osmosis in tissues

A

a blood protein that is converted to fibrin to form a blood clot

157
Q

What causes the semilunar valves to close?

contraction of the ventricles

contraction of the atria

stimulation of the SA node

backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary artery during diastole

contraction of the cardiac muscle that makes up the valves

A

backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary artery during diastole

158
Q

Which structure prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria?

valve

septum

sinoatrial node

atrioventricular node

superior vena cava

A

valve

159
Q

Human beings have a double circulatory system that includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Complete the following statement by choosing the correct pair of terms below.

During systemic circulation, _____ blood is carried away from the heart. During pulmonary circulation, _____ blood is carried away from the heart.

oxygenated; deoxygenated

deoxygenated; deoxygenated

oxygenated; oxygenated

deoxygenated; oxygenated

oxygenated; detoxified

A

oxygenated; deoxygenated

160
Q

The muscles of the heart contract and relax rhythmically. An electrical signal from a special bundle of tissue is actually responsible for setting the pace for the cardiac contractions. What is this tissue called?

AV node

SA node

Purkinje fibres

bundle of His

apex

A

SA node

161
Q

What are the three similarities and two differences between open and closed circulatory systems.

A

Similarities:

  • some sort of pumping device helps to move blood through the body
  • some of the circulation of blood is a result of body movements
  • all tissues come in close contact with the circulating body fluid so that the exchange of nutrients and wastes can occur

Differences:

  • blood is contained within vessels and separate from body tissues
  • blood is separate from interstitial fluid
162
Q

You are told that your blood pressure is 108/72. What does the 72 refer to?

A

The diastolic pressure from the recoil of the arteries.

163
Q

How is the hemolymph of an open circulatory system moved throughout the body?

A

The heart pumps the hemolymph through vessels into sinuses/body cavities, and body movements squeeze the sinuses, forcing hemolymph through the body. When the heart relaxes, hemolymph is drawn back in through the small pores.

164
Q

What is an open circulatory system and what is an example of this mechanism?

A

An open circulatory system is one in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity, as in the circulatory systems of earthworms and insects.

165
Q

Why is it considered important for healthy people to donate blood on a regular basis?

A

Approximately every minute of every day someone in Canada needs blood. About 52% of Canadians say they, or a family member, have needed blood or blood products for surgery or medical treatment.

166
Q

What disorder is angioplasty used to treat? Describe the steps involved in this procedure.

A

Angioplasty is used to treat arteriosclerosis. During angioplasty, the surgeon inserts a tube with a narrow balloon inside it into a clogged artery. When the tube reaches the site where the artery is clogged, the balloon is inflated to widen the vessel. After the balloon is removed, a permanent tube may be left in place to keep the vessel open.

167
Q

A person’s blood pressure is measured before and after exercise. What effect would you expect the exercise to have on the systolic blood pressure and on the diastolic blood pressure? Explain.

A

Systolic blood pressure gradually increases during exercise, while diastolic blood pressure remains about the same. Diastolic pressure may even decrease due to vasodilation, or the slight dilation of blood vessels caused by the heart pumping harder to spread more oxygen throughout the body. Since systolic pressure is directly connected to how the heart operates, it is affected the most by exercise.

168
Q

Explain why hypertension can have the negative healthy effects that it has.

A

Hypertension causes the heart to work harder for extended periods of time, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.

169
Q

The diagram below shows a blood sample from a healthy patient. Use the diagram to answer the following question.

What device was likely used to prepare this sample?

A

A centrifuge.

170
Q

The diagram below shows a blood sample from a healthy patient. Use the diagram to answer the following question.

Identify each layer in the sample and estimate the percentage of blood volume in each layer.

A

top layer—plasma 55%

middle layer—white blood cells and platelets 1%

bottom layer—red blood cells 44%

171
Q

The diagram below shows a blood sample from a healthy patient. Use the diagram to answer the following question.

You are given a similar sample, prepared in the same way, for a patient suspected of suffering from anemia. Predict how the relative volume of each layer in this sample might compare to the sample from the healthy patient.

A

A blood sample for a patient suspected of suffering from anemia would have a lower relative volume of red blood cells than that of a healthy person.

172
Q

Correct the underlined word to make to false statement true.

The semilunar valves separate the atria from the ventricles.

A

The atrioventricular (AV) valves separate the atria from the ventricles.

173
Q

Correct the underlined word to make to false statement true.

The aorta is the main artery of the heart, taking deoxygenated blood to the other body systems.

A

The aorta is the main artery of the heart, taking oxygenated blood to the other body systems.

174
Q

Correct the underlined words to make to false statement true.

In counter-current exchange, double circulation keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperate.

A

In counter-current exchange, a diffusion gradient keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperate.

175
Q

Correct the underlined words to make to false statement true.

All veins carry oxygen-poor blood and all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.

A

All veins except the pulmonary veins carry oxygen-poor blood and all arteries except the pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.

176
Q

Correct the underlined words to make to false statement true.

Fibrinogen is a cell fragment involved in the blood clotting mechanism.

A

Fibrinogen is a blood protein involved in the blood clotting mechanism.

177
Q

Describe the main functions of the circulatory system.

A

The circulatory system has the following main functions:

  • transports gases (from the respiratory system), nutrient molecules (from the digestive system), and waste materials (from the excretory system)
  • regulates internal body temperature and transports hormones
  • protects against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced into the body
178
Q

How is the superior vena cava functionally different from the inferior vena cava?

A

The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body to the heart, and the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body to the heart.

179
Q

Why is it important for a person who has a leaky heart valve to have the valve replaced?

A

The heart has to work harder to compensate for the back flow of blood through the valve and having a leaky heart valve could result in heart failure in some patients.

180
Q

You are sitting in a hot tub after a day of strenuous outdoor activity. Infer what is happening to your circulatory system.

A

Your heart rate and blood pressure are both elevated from the strenuous activity and your cardiac output is high. The temperature in the hot tub will artificially elevate these levels even higher due to vasodilation and vasoconstriction. During the activity the body was probably attempting to conserve heat (vasoconstriction) if the weather was cold, or it was attempting to reduce body temperature (vasodilation) if the weather was warm. In either case, extended stays in the hot tub might lead to irregular heart rhythms or palpitations.

181
Q

Dizziness can occur when a person stands up quickly, even if the person is in excellent physical shape. Explain how this healthy person might feel dizzy, in terms of stroke volume and heart rate.

A

A healthy person has a strong heart, which has a larger stroke volume and a slow heart rate. When the person stands up, gravity pulls blood from their brain towards their feet and blood does not return to the brain until the next heartbeat. For a healthy person with a slow pulse, this takes a second or two and that is enough time to feel the lack of oxygen in the symptom of lightheadedness or dizziness.

182
Q

Iron deficiency, or anemia, often results in fatigue and pallor. Explain how these symptoms could result from inadequate iron in the diet or other factors such as diseases or exposure to pollutants.

A

Anemia occurs when there is insufficient hemoglobin in the blood and there are too few red blood cells. The body needs iron in order to produce hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Anemia can be caused by inadequate iron in the diet, or poor absorption of iron. It can also be caused by long-term blood loss due to peptic ulcers, hemophilia, heavy menstrual periods, long-term use of aspirin, or uterine cancer. Other factors include lead poisoning, and lesions or injuries to the gastrointestinal tract (as in the case of ulcerative colitis and colon cancer). The decreased number of red blood cells often results in pallor of the skin. Anemia also causes fatigue because the heart has to work harder to provide oxygen-rich blood to the body.

183
Q

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood toward the heart. Which of the following pairs of terms matches the blood vessel with the type of blood it carries.

superior vena cava; oxygenated blood

pulmonary vein; oxygenated blood

pulmonary artery; oxygenated blood

inferior vena cava; oxygenated blood

aorta; deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein; oxygenated blood

184
Q

Blood is a circulating tissue that consists of different types of cells-white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets-suspended in a fluid called plasma. Complete the following statement by choosing the correct pair of terms below.

Red blood cells differ from most other cells in the body in that they contain _____ and they lack _____.

a cell membrane; a nucleus

a nucleus; hemoglobin

a nucleus; a cell membrane

a cell membrane; hemoglobin

hemoglobin; a nucleus

A

hemoglobin; a nucleus

185
Q

The SA (sinoatrial) node stimulates the muscles of the heart and is responsible for their rhythmical contraction and relaxation. The SA node of the heart is located in the wall of the:

left ventricle

left atrium

right ventricle

right atrium

inferior vena cava

A

right atrium

186
Q

In human beings, the heart is located on the left side in the chest between the two lungs. Complete the following statement by choosing the correct pair of terms below.

The human heart, like that of other mammals, has _____ chambers. The top two chambers are called _____.

three; atria

four; septa

three; ventricles

four; atria

two; ventricles

A

four; atria

187
Q

Which of these is a factor that causes blood pressure to increase?

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

an increase in urine output

a decrease in body fluid volume

decreased body temperature

A

vasoconstriction

188
Q

Which statement summarizes the function of the pulmonary circuit (the path of pulmonary circulation)?

transports O2 through the heart, lungs, and body tissues

transports O2 and nutrients to the body tissues

filters waste products from the blood

transports CO2 to the lungs and picks up O2 from the lungs

filters toxins from the blood

A

transports CO2 to the lungs and picks up O2 from the lungs

189
Q

The “lub”, or the first heart sound, is produced by the closing of:

the aortic semilunar valve

the pulmonary semilunar valve

the tricuspid valve

the bicuspid valve

both AV valves

A

both AV valves

190
Q

Anemia can result from:

an iron-rich diet

an increase in red blood cell count

lack of hemoglobin production

reduced blood pressure

reduced number of leukocytes

A

lack of hemoglobin production

191
Q

Which condition would a stent be most likely used to treat?

hemophilia

athersclerosis

mitral valve prolapse

hypertension

arrhythmia

A

athersclerosis

192
Q

Which of the following is a type of cancer of the white blood cells?

leukemia

anemia

hemophilia

ischemic stroke

stenosis

A

leukemia

193
Q

Are there alternatives to human blood for a transfusion? Explain.

A

Synthetic blood substitutes can carry out some of the functions of real blood for a short time (until matching donated blood can be found), but there is currently no real substitute for human blood for transfusion. Researchers are working to develop fluids that can carry oxygen to tissues, but as yet they have been unable to replace many of the functions of human blood, such as defending the body from disease, and the blood clotting process.

194
Q

If the right ventricle is not able to pump blood properly, what effect does this have on the lungs.

A

If the right ventricle cannot pump blood properly, the lungs will receive a reduced blood flow and less oxygen-rich blood will be available for the body.

195
Q

A penguin’s body is well protected from the cold by thick down and blubber, but its feet have no insulation. Explain how it is possible that a penguin does no lose heat through its feet.

A

The blood vessels in the penguin’s feet are constricted to reduce the amount of blood flow to them. Th is reduces the amount of heat lost from the feet.

196
Q

Leeches are bloodsucking aquatic animals that are sometimes used to treat conditions involving poor blood supply to various tissues. Why do you think this might be a useful treatment when reattaching a finger?

A

When reattaching a severed finger, blood from the veins can pool in the appendage and threaten its survival. Leech saliva dilates blood vessels and prevents blood clotting. This would improve blood supply and circulation to the tissues, resulting in a better surgical outcome.

197
Q

Referring to the diagram below, identify the four main valves that help maintain blood pressure and that keep the blood flowing in one direction. Describe how they are able to perform these functions.

A

A - Bicuspid (or mitral) Atrioventricular Valve

B - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

C - Aortic Semilunar Valve

D - Tricuspid Atrioventricular Valve

The two atrioventricular valves are between the atria and the ventricles, and they keep blood flowing in one direction. The semilunar valves are between each ventricle and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart. The two atria contract simultaneously, pushing blood through the valves into the ventricles. When the ventricles contract simultaneously, the blood is pumped out of the heart.

198
Q

Why would an exercise electrocardiogram (stress test) be conducted on an individual rather than just a seated ECG?

A

The stress test helps determine the heart’s response to the stress of exercise. This test is usually performed to determine the cause of unexplained chest pain, or if the person is experiencing irregular heartbeats, excessive dizziness, or fatigue.

199
Q

Veins have small valves known as leaflet valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. If these valves become weak or damaged, blood backs up and pools in the veins, causing the veins to become swollen and twisted. This condition is known as varicose veins. What are some of the likely causes of varicose veins and some possible treatments.

A

Varicose veins can be caused by prolonged pressure on the veins due to pregnancy, obesity, aging, long periods of standing, leg injury, or abdominal straining. If the condition is severe, the doctor may recommend surgical removal of all or part of the aff ected vein, or non-surgical treatments such as keeping the legs elevated, taking pain relievers, getting moderate exercise, or laser therapy to make the vein contract.

200
Q

If a pacemaker received faulty signals from the heart, what would happen.

A

If the heart rhythm is abnormal but a faulty signal is sent to the computer that it is OK, then the pacemaker will not direct the generator to send electrical pulses to the heart. Th e person might feel dizziness and/or fatigue. If the heart is functioning properly but a faulty signal is interpreted by the computer that the heart needs stimulation, then the heart could be forced to beat erratically (similar to atrial fibrillation).

201
Q

Why should people with hypertension reduce their salt intake?

A

Through osmosis, salt causes body tissues to retain water and it promotes thirst. Excessive salt keeps the circulatory volume higher than it should be, exerting excess fluid pressure on blood vessel walls. The blood vessel walls react to this stress by thickening and narrowing, leaving less space for the fluid already cramped in the blood compartment, raising “resistance” and requiring higher pressure to move blood to the organs. The heart has to pump against this high pressure system.

202
Q

What does the letter A represent on the diagram below?

A

Right Pulmonary Arteries

203
Q

Where is blood flowing to/from at the letter B?

A

The Right Lung

204
Q

What does the letter C represent on the diagram below?

A

Right Pulmonary Veins

205
Q

What does the letter D represent on the diagram below?

A

Right Atrium

206
Q

What does the letter E represent on the diagram below?

A

Tricuspid Valve

207
Q

What does the letter F represent on the diagram below?

A

Right Ventricle

208
Q

What does the letter G represent on the diagram below?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

209
Q

Where is blood flowing from at the letter H?

A

From Body

210
Q

Where is blood flowing to at the letter I?

A

To Body

211
Q

What does the letter J represent on the diagram below?

A

Pulmonary Valve

212
Q

What does the letter K represent on the diagram below?

A

Left Ventricle

213
Q

What does the letter L represent on the diagram below?

A

Aortic Valve

214
Q

What does the letter M represent on the diagram below?

A

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

215
Q

What does the letter N represent on the diagram below?

A

Left Pulmonary Veins

216
Q

Where is blood flowing to/from at the letter O?

A

The Left Lung

217
Q

What does the letter P represent on the diagram below?

A

Left Pulmonary Arteries

218
Q

What does the letter Q represent on the diagram below?

A

Pulmonary Trunk

219
Q

What does the letter R represent on the diagram below?

A

Left Atrium

220
Q

What does the letter S represent on the diagram below?

A

Aorta

221
Q

Where is blood flowing to at the letter T?

A

To Body

222
Q

Where is blood flowing from at the letter U?

A

From Body

223
Q

What does the letter V represent on the diagram below?

A

Superior Vena Cava

224
Q

What does the letter A represent on the diagram below?

A

SA Node

225
Q

What does the letter B represent on the diagram below?

A

Right Atrium

226
Q

What does the letter C represent on the diagram below?

A

AV Node

227
Q

What does the letter D represent on the diagram below?

A

Bundle Branches

228
Q

What does the letter E represent on the diagram below?

A

Right Ventricle

229
Q

What does the letter F represent on the diagram below?

A

Left Atrium

230
Q

What does the letter G represent on the diagram below?

A

Chordae Tendinae

231
Q

What does the letter H represent on the diagram below?

A

Bundle of His

232
Q

What does the letter I represent on the diagram below?

A

Left Ventricle

233
Q

What does the letter J represent on the diagram below?

A

Purkinje Fibres

234
Q

What does the letter K represent on the diagram below?

A

Apex of Heart

235
Q

Which letter represents the right pulmonary arteries on the diagram below?

A

A

236
Q

Which letter represents blood flowing to the right lung on the diagram below?

A

B

237
Q

Which letter represents the right pulmonary veins on the diagram below?

A

C

238
Q

Which letter represents the right atrium on the diagram below?

A

D

239
Q

Which letter represents the tricuspid valve on the diagram below?

A

E

240
Q

Which letter represents the right ventricle on the diagram below?

A

F

241
Q

Which letter represents the inferior vena cava on the diagram below?

A

G

242
Q

Which letter represents blood flowing from the lower body on the diagram below?

A

H

243
Q

Which letter represents blood flowing to the lower body on the diagram below?

A

I

244
Q

Which letter represents the pulmonary valve on the diagram below?

A

J

245
Q

Which letter represents the left ventricle on the diagram below?

A

K

246
Q

Which letter represents the aortic valve on the diagram below?

A

L

247
Q

Which letter represents the bicuspid (mitral) valve on the diagram below?

A

M

248
Q

Which letter represents the left pulmonary veins on the diagram below?

A

N

249
Q

Which letter represents blood flowing from the left lung on the diagram below?

A

O

250
Q

Which letter represents the left pulmonary arteries on the diagram below?

A

P

251
Q

Which letter represents the pulmonary trunk on the diagram below?

A

Q

252
Q

Which letter represents the left atrium on the diagram below?

A

R

253
Q

Which letter represents the aorta on the diagram below?

A

S

254
Q

Which letter represents blood flowing to the upper body on the diagram below?

A

T

255
Q

Which letter represents blood flowing from the upper body on the diagram below?

A

U

256
Q

Which letter represents the superior vena cava on the diagram below?

A

V

257
Q

Which letter represents the SA node on the diagram below?

A

A

258
Q

Which letter represents the right atrium on the diagram below?

A

B

259
Q

Which letter represents the AV node on the diagram below?

A

C

260
Q

Which letter represents the bundle branches on the diagram below?

A

D

261
Q

Which letter represents the right ventricle on the diagram below?

A

E

262
Q

Which letter represents the left atrium on the diagram below?

A

F

263
Q

Which letter represents the chordae tendinae on the diagram below?

A

G

264
Q

Which letter represents the bundle of His on the diagram below?

A

H

265
Q

Which letter represents the left ventricle on the diagram below?

A

I

266
Q

Which letter represents the Purkinje fibres on the diagram below?

A

J

267
Q

Which letter represents the apex of heart on the diagram below?

A

K

268
Q

The circulatory system is a transport system that carries:

oxygen

leukocytes

wastes

nutrients

all of the above

A

all of the above

269
Q

A distinct feature of an open circulatory system is:

vessels that keep blood separate from the cells of the body

tubes that carry blood to cells

there is no heart (pump)

blood gets pumped into body cavities

changing blood pressure

A

blood gets pumped into body cavities

270
Q

The pulmonary artery:

carries blood to the heart

carries blood to the lung

carries blood away from the lung

carries blue blood

carries clean blood

A

carries blood to the lung

271
Q

The superior and inferior vena cavas:

carry blood to the heart

carry blood to the lung

carry blood away from the lung

carry blood to the organs

carry oxygen rich blood

A

carry blood to the heart

272
Q

Which part of the heart receives blood from the lungs?

left atrium

left ventricle

septum

right atrium

right ventricle

A

left atrium

273
Q

Which part of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circulation?

left atrium

left ventricle

septum

right atrium

right ventricle

A

left ventricle

274
Q

The tricuspid valve separates the:

right atrium and left atrium

right ventricle and left ventricle

right atrium and left ventricle

right atrium and right ventricle

left atrium and left ventricle

A

right atrium and right ventricle

275
Q

Which vein in the body carries oxygen-rich blood?

pulmonary

vena cava

cardiac

subclavian

jugular

A

pulmonary

276
Q

The tunica intima is composed of:

fibrous connective tissue

a layer of endothelial cells

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle cells

smooth muscle and connective tissue

A

a layer of endothelial cells

277
Q

How is blood pushed through the veins?

valves push blood forward

muscles outside the vein contract and push blood through the vein

blood is not pushed in veins

gravity helps by pulling the blood

the walls of the vein contract and push the blood forward

A

muscles outside the vein contract and push blood through the vein

278
Q

The leukocytes are components of the blood that:

carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

carry nutrien molecules for the body cells

digest food for cells

help fight infection

all of the above

A

help fight infection

279
Q

Which protein do red blood cells require in order to transport oxygen?

fibrin

fibrinogen

hemoglobin

thromboplastin

prothrombin

A

hemoglobin

280
Q

Which one of these blood components is the smallest?

erythrocyte

granulocyte

agranulocyte

platelet

thrombocyte

A

platelet

281
Q

Which one of these blood cells has a life span of about four months?

erythrocyte

granulocyte

agranulocyte

platelet

thrombocyte

A

erythrocyte

282
Q

The diagram above shows that the blood has separated into three components. What part of the blood is represented by the component at the top of the vial?

white blood cells

nutrients

red blood cells

plasma

proteins

A

plasma

283
Q

The AV node regulates:

temperature control in an arm

how much blood enters the atrium

the contraction of the atria

when the ventricles contract

when the ventricles open

A

when the ventricles contract

284
Q

Humans have a “double” circulatory system that includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Complete the following statement by choosing the correct pair of terms from the answer choices.

During systemic circulation, _____ blood is carried away from the heart. During pulmonary circulation, _____ blood is carried away from the heart.

oxygenated; deoxygenated

deoxygenated; deoxygenated

oxygenated; oxygenated

deoxygenated; oxygenated

none of these answer choices are correct

A

oxygenated; deoxygenated

285
Q

The normal blood pressure for a young adult is considered to be about:

150/50

130/60

120/80

100/100

60/130

A

120/80

286
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of capillaries?

They are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells.

They have walls that are only one cell layer thick.

Blood flow into them is controlled by sphincters.

Their diameter is so small, red blood cells must move through them in single file.

They have valves to prevent blood from flowing backward into them.

A

They have valves to prevent blood from flowing backward into them.

287
Q

The heart natural “pacemaker” is the:

bicuspid node

Purkinje fiber

atrioventricular node

sinoatrial node

semilunar node

A

sinoatrial node

288
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

Walls of arteries thicken and lose elasticity.

A

Arteriosclerosis

289
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

A bulge in an artery or heart chamber due to weakening.

A

Aneurysm

290
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

Valve opening becomes narrowed from thickening or scarring.

A

Stenosis

291
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

Is a cancer of the white blood cells.

A

Leukemia

292
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

An irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat.

A

Arrhythmia

293
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

Two types: 1) Ischemic and 2) Hemorrhagic

A

Stroke

294
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

Lowers blood plasma clotting factor levels.

A

Hemophilia

295
Q

Match the disorder of the circulatory system with its description.

  • regurgitation
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • arrhythmia
  • hemophilia
  • leukemia

Valve does not close completely causing backflow of blood.

A

Regurgitation

296
Q

What does #1 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Aorta

297
Q

What does #2 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Pulmonary Valve

298
Q

What does #3 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

299
Q

What does #4 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Right Ventricle

300
Q

What does #5 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

301
Q

What does #6 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Right Atrium

302
Q

What does #7 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Right Pulmonary Veins

303
Q

What does #8 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Left Carotid Artery

304
Q

What does #9 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Aorta

305
Q

What does #10 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Left Brachial Vein

306
Q

What does #11 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Hepatic Artery

307
Q

What does #12 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Right Femoral Artery

308
Q

What does #13 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Right Renal Artery

309
Q

What does #14 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

310
Q

What does #15 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Right Subclavian Artery

311
Q

What does #16 refer to on the diagram below?

A

Right Jugular Vein

312
Q

Assume a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 75mL/beat. Calculate the cardiac output for this heart (just come up with formula).

A

70x75=5250

The cardiac output of this heart is 5250mL/min.

313
Q

Assume a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 75mL/beat. In one day, what is the total volume of blood, in litres, that this heart pumps? (just come up with formula)

A

70x75x60x24=7560000mL/day

=7560L/day

This heart pumps a total of 7560L of blood every day.

314
Q

Fully describe 4 differences between arteries and veins. These differences can be structural and/or functional.

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood towards the heart.
  • Arteries (with the exception of the pulmonary artery) carry oxygenated blood while veins (with the exception of the pulmonary vein) carry deoxygenated blood.
  • Artery walls are thicker than vein walls because arteries are closer to the heart and deal with a higher blood pressure.
  • Arteries are located further in the body while veins are more superficial.

Other answers include:

  • Veins have valves.
  • More pressure in arteries.
  • Veins are bigger inside than arteries.
315
Q

Identify two ways that the circulatory system interacts with the digestive system?

A
  • Every cell needs oxygen, even those in the digestive system. The circulatory system collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers it to the digestive system.
  • Body cells also need nutrients from food. The digestive system digests food so it can absorb nutrients into the cirulatory system.

Grade 11 - SBI3U (15 decks)

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