Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial nerves

peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cranial nerves:

A

arising from the brain and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Peripheral nerves:

A

including all neural structures (axons of sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons) distal to the spinal nerves e.g., the median and tibial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three connective tissue sheaths of peripheral nerves?

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endoneurium:

A

Separates individual axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Perineurium:

A

Surrounds bundles of axon (fascicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epineurium:

A

Encloses the entire nerve trunk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of peripheral nerves:

A

Supply both the viscera (autonomic) and somatic structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of axons are somatic peripheral nerves?

A

sensory
autonomic
motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do cutaneous branches supply?

A

the skin and subcutaneous tissues, including sensory and autonomic related information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do muscular branches supply?

A

the muscles, tendons, and joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are peripheral axons classified?

A

according to diameter and speed of conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some examples of peripheral nerves?

A

Ia, Ib, II, Aα, and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

From where does the cervical plexus arise?

A

arising from ant. rami of C1-C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What forms the brachial plexus?

A

formed by ant. rami of C5-T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What forms the lumbar plexus?

A

from ant. rami of L1-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What forms the sacral plexus?

A

from (part of L4) – S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function of cervical plexus:

A

Provides cutaneous sensory information from the posterior scalp to the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does cervical plexus innervate?

A

Innervates the anterior neck muscles and diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is innervated by the brachial plexus?

A

Entire upper limb is innervated by the brachial plexus branches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the lumbar plexus unnervate?

A

the skin and muscles of the anterior and medial thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the sacral plexus innervate?

A

Innervates the posterior thigh and most of the leg and foot; contains parasympathetic axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does movement of promote?

A

blood flow

flow of axoplasm through the axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does blood flow throughout the nerves do?

A

supply nutrition and oxygen and to remove waste from neural tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does flow of axoplasm through the axon do?

A

facilitates transport of chemicals from the axons and surrounding structures to the cell body & vice versa

26
Q

Where do motor axons synapse with muscle fiber?

A

at neuromuscular junctions

27
Q

What are signs of peripheral nerve damage?

A

sensory
autonomic
motor

28
Q

What does sensory changes include?

A

decreased or lost sensation

29
Q

What is included in abnormal sensation?

A

Hyperalgesia
Dysesthesia
Paresthesia
Allodynia

30
Q

What do autonomic changes depend on?

A

the pattern of axonal dysfunction

31
Q

Autonomic changes in a single nerve:

A

Signs are usually observed only if the nerve is completely severed

32
Q

Autonomic changes in many nerves:

A

Problems may include difficulty regulating blood pressure, heart rate, sweating, bowel and bladder functions, and impotence.

33
Q

Signs of motor changes in peripheral nerves

A

paresis or paralysis

34
Q

Mononeuropathy:

A

Involves a single nerve and is considered a focal dysfunction

35
Q

Multiple mononeuropathy

A

Involves several nerves and is multifocal

36
Q

Polyneuropathy

A

Involves many nerves and is a generalized disorder that typically has a distal and symmetrical presentation.

37
Q

Classification of traumatic injuries to peripheral nerves:

A

Traumatic myelinopathy
Traumatic axonopathy
Traumatic severance

38
Q

What is traumatic myelinopathy?

A

loss of myelin limited to the site of injury.

39
Q

What is affected by myelinopathy?

A

function of large diameter axons

40
Q

What causes traumatic myelinopathy?

A

focal compression

41
Q

What does traumatic axonopathy disrupt?

A

Wallerian degeneration; occurs distal to the lesion.

42
Q

What does axonopathies affect?

A

all sizes of axons; reflexes, somatosensation, and motor functions are significantly reduced or absent

43
Q

Why are regenerating axons able to reinnervate appropriate targets?

A

because myelin and connective tissues remain intact

44
Q

When does traumatic severance occur?

A

when nerves are physically divided by excessive stretching or a laceration.

45
Q

What is affected in traumatic severance?

A

Axons and connective tissue

46
Q

What happens when axons and connective tissue are completely interrupted?

A

immediate loss of sensation and/or muscle paralysis in the area supplied.

47
Q

In traumatic severance, when does Wallerian degeneration begin?

A

distal to the lesion 3 to 5 days later. Then axons in the proximal stumps begin to sprout

48
Q

What does multiple mononeuropathy involve?

A

Involves two or more nerves in different parts of the body

-asymmetrical presentation

49
Q

When does multiple mononeuropathy occur?

A

when diabetes or vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) cause ischemia of the nerves

50
Q

What are the hallmark signs of polyneuropathy?

A

symmetrical involve-ment of sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers, often progressing from distal to proximal

51
Q

Where doe symptoms typically being in polyneuropathy?

A

begin in the feet and then appear in the hands and areas of the body supplied by the longest axons

52
Q

What are the causes of polyneuropathy?

A

not trauma or ischemia; can be toxic, metabolic or autoimmune
common causes: diabetes, nutritional deficiencies secondary to alcoholism and autoimmune diseases

53
Q

What is Charcot-Marie-Tooth diease?

A

common inherited for of polyneuropathy

54
Q

What does Charcot-Marie-Tooth diease cause?

A

paresis of muscles distal to the knee with resulting foot drop, step-page gait, frequent tripping, and muscle atrophy ;in progression, muscle atrophy and paresis affect the hands.

55
Q

What does therapy for Charcot-Marie-Tooth diease involve?

A

strengthening, stretching, conditioning, muscle, joint and skin protection

56
Q

Myasthenia gravis:

A

an autoimmune disease that damages ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction

57
Q

What is myopathy?

A

intrinsic to muscles

58
Q

What is intact in myopathy?

A

Sensation and autonomic function remain intact because the nervous system is not affected by myopathy.

59
Q

What can nerve conduction study (NCS) differentiate between?

A

processes between primarily demyelinating (myelinopathy) and damaging axon (axonopathy)
UMN and LMN paresis
mononeuropathy and polyneuropathy
Local conduction block and Wallerian degeneration

60
Q

What signs correlate highly with electrodiagnostic evidence of peripheral neuropathy?

A

Absence of ankle jerk reflex despite facilitation
Impaired vibration
Impaired position sense of the great toe

Neuro (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions