Chapter 19

Question 1

Support systems of neurons and glial cells:

Answer 1

ventricular system

vascular system

Question 2

Ventricular system:

Answer 2

ventricles, meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

Vascular system:

Answer 3

arterial supply, veins and venous sinuses and mechanisms to regulate blood flow

Question 4

Three layers of meninges that cover brain and spinal cord:

Answer 4

dura matter
arachnoid
pia matter

Question 5

Dura matter

Answer 5

Surrounds the brain and consists of an outer layer firmly bound to the inside of the skull and an inner layer.

Question 6

Arachnoid

Answer 6

Is a delicate membrane loosely attached to the dura.

Question 7

Pia matter

Answer 7

Is tightly apposed to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord

Question 8

What is most CSF secreted by?

Answer 8

choroid plexus

Question 9

Flow of CSF:

Answer 9

from lateral ventricles into 3rd via interentricular foramina
from 3rd to 4th via cerebral awueduct

Question 10

How does CSF exit the 4th ventricle?

Answer 10

entering the subarachnoid space (SAS) via lateral & medial foramina

Question 11

Transient ischemic attack

Answer 11

brief, focal loss of brain function with a full recovery from neurologic deficits within 24 hours

Question 12

Completed stroke

Answer 12

neurologic deficits from vascular disorders that persist more than 1 day and are stable

Question 13

Progressive stroke

Answer 13

deficits that increase intermittently over time

Question 14

Brain infarction

Answer 14

an embolus or thrombus lodges in a vessel, obstructing the blood flow
causes 80% if strokes

Question 15

Hemorrhage

Answer 15

Downstream vessels are deprived of blood, and the extravascular blood exerts pressure on the surrounding brain

Question 16

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Answer 16

causes sudden, excruciating headache with a brief (a few minutes) loss of consciousness
deficits are progressive

Question 17

Chief symptom of vertebral artery dissection:

Answer 17

pain, usually in the posterior neck or occiput and spreading to the shoulders.

Question 18

Vertebrobasilar artery ischemia

Answer 18

The most common signs are gait and limb ataxia, limb weakness, oculomotor palsies, and oropharyngeal dysfunction

Question 19

Occlusion of Anterior Cerebral Artery

Answer 19

personality changes with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss

Question 20

Occlusion of Middle Cerebral Artery

Answer 20

homonymous hemianopia combined with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss involving the upper limb and face (cortical branches)
contralateral hemiplegia that equally affects the upper and lower extremities and the face (the deep branches)

Question 21

Occlusion of Posterior Cerebral Artery

Answer 21

contralateral hemiparesis, eye movement paresis or paralysis affecting muscles controlling eye movements (midbrain branches)

Question 22

Complete occlusion of the basilar artery causes

Answer 22

death as a result of ischemia of brainstem nuclei and tracts that control vital functions.

Question 23

Partial occlusions of the basilar artery can cause

Answer 23

tetraplegia, loss of sensation, coma, and cranial nerve signs

Question 24

What does consequences of a stroke depend on:

Answer 24

cause, severity, and location