4a Flashcards by Amaya Richard

A property of an organism from the moment of its inception.

Process characterized by growth and differentiation or organization (morphogenesis) into tissues organs and organisms.

Had 3 interrelated aspects.

Development

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Plants can not move.

Form is controlled by plant cells the way it expands in shape.

Morphogenesis

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Governed the direction in which plant grows.

Plant cell wall

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What are the three interrelated aspect of development:

Growth
Differentiation
Organization

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An irreversible time change generally accompanied by an increase in size, weight or mass.

Quantitative aspect.

Characterized through an s-curve or sigmoid curve.

Growth

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2 Nature of plant growth;

Increase in size
Distribution of growth is not uniform

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There is an increase in size due to; (3)

Cell division
Cell enlargement
Change in cell density

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Distribution of growth is not uniform;

Takes place in growth centers.
Example; meristems and regions of cell enlargement

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3 Measurements of growth
It can be measured in terms of;

Increase in length or growth
Increase in area volume or leaf area
Increase in the number of cells

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Measured in case of stem and roots.

Increase in length or growth

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Measured in case of leaves and fruits.

Increase in area volume or leaf area

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Measured in algae, yeast and bacteria.

Increase in the number of cells

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5 phases of plant growth;

Lag phase
Log phase or exponential growth
Maturity or diminishing growth rate
Stationary or adult stage
Senescence stage

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It is the beginning of growth process.
The rate of growth is generally low.
Cell division by mitosis takes place very actively but no increase in cell size.

Lag phase

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It is the highest growth rate.
Has increased in the number of cells by mitosis.
Cell size increases by absorbing water and addition of protoplasmic substances.

Log phase or exponential growth

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Growth rate is low.
Self achieve the optimum size (adult) and there is no more increase in size of cell.
A little cell division to replace damaged cells.

Maturity or diminishing growth phase

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6 plant growth stages;

Sprout
Seedling
Vegetative
Budding
Flowering
Ripening

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Seeds contain all the nutrients they need to germinate and grow their first pair of leaves.

Sprout

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A shoots begin to develop and spread, plants need a boost of quickly absorbed well balanced nutrients.

Seedling

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Nitrogen is most important for plants when their energy is directed into growing stems and foliage.

Vegetative

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Full grown plants need extra phosphorus during the transition to the blooming stage.

Budding

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Potassium is essential for the development of healthy flowers and fruit.

Flowering

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As flowers are fruit rich full maturity the plants no longer need nutrients - just water.

Ripening

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Growth rate is zero.
Cells still divide to replace damage or dead cells.

Stationary (adult) stage

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Growth rate is negative because of loss of tissues due to aging process. Finally, the death of the organism.

Senescence stage

Process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

Cellular differentiation

Cells derived from meristems and cambium differentiate and mature to perform specific functions.

Differentiation

6 cellular organization levels of plant;

Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Orientation and integration of differentiated cells in space together with regulated growth with the consequent attainment of form and structure of the complete organism.

Organization

3 growth stages of rice;

Vegetative stage Reproductive stage Ripening stage

4 development under VEGETATIVE STAGE;

Germination Seedling Tillering Maximum tillering

2 development under REPRODUCTIVE STAGE;

Panicle initiation Flowering

1 development under RIPENING STAGE

Harvest

Use as an adoption to escape or minimize injury from harmful external factors or move towards scarce resource or otherwise secure food.

Plant movements

TRUE OR FALSE Plant movements do exist?

True

The primary root moves downward where it can obtain water and mineral nutrients from deep down while the shoots moves upward to be exposed to light from the sun.

Plant movements

May exhibit movement of some organs in response to environmental stimuli.

Plant movements

3 steps of plant movements;

Perception Transduction Response

Involves recognition of the environmental stimulus by the plant.

Perception

Involves biochemical and biophysical changes in which occur in response to perceived stimulus.

Transduction

Shows the changes in the organ affected by the perceived stimulus.

Response

Direction of the environmental stimulus determines the direction of the movement.

Tropic movement (tropism)

5 kinds of tropism;

Phototropism Geotropism/gravitropism Chemotropism Thigmotropism Hydrotropism

Is tropism movement caused by stimulus of light. Example: the tip of plant that lies in room will bend to direction of incident light.

Phototropism

Tropism Movement that follows earth gravitational force.

Geotropism/gravitropism

2 types of geotropism/gravitropism;

Positive geotropism Negative geotropism

Movement with downward direction.

Positive geotropism

Movement with upward direction.

Negative geotropism

A tropism movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus. Root grow towards useful minerals in the soil but away from acid. Example: the movement of root to food/fertilizer substance in soil.

Chemotropism

Is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of touch to harder thing. Example: tendril of plants.

Thigmotropism

Is a change in the growth of a plant in response to water. The roots display a positive hydrotropism growing towards water.

Hydrotropism

2 plant movement categories;

Tropic movement (tropisms) Nastic movement

Is plant movement to stimulus, that it's direction is not determined by stimulus but by plant itself.

Nastic movement

5 kind of nastic movement;

Photonasty Nictinasty Thigmonasty Thermonasty Complex nasty

A nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of light. Example: the opening of mirabilis jalapa (4 o'clock) flower at certain time.

Photonastic

A nasty movement that is caused by dark condition or induced by diurinal variations in light and temperature. Example; The closing of butterfly flowers leaves at night. The closing of compound leaves of leucaena glauca at night.

Nyctinasty

Nasty movement that is caused by stimulus of touch or vibration. Example: the closing of leaves of mimosa pudica when touch.

Thigmonasty/seismonasty

Nasty movement that is caused by temperature stimulus. Example: tulip flower will bloom if subjected to sudden increase temperature.

Thermonasty

Is nasi movement that is caused by several factors altogether. Example: the opening and closing of stomata is influenced by light, chemical substance and water.

Complex nasty

is the changes that help a plant species survive in its environment.

Plant adaptation

3 plant adaptations;

Morphological adaptations Physiological adaptations Biochemical adaptations

Exemplified by the presence of metamorphosed are specialized organ which performs non typical function. Example: modified roots of certain tree species in marshes which serve as "breathing" organs, thick waxy leaves/stem (dessert plants), thorns for defense.

Morphological adaptations

Exemplified by closing of stomates of many bromeliads (CAM plants) during the day to help conserve water as well as abscission of leaves in deciduous plants to reduce the evaporative surface area thereby conserving moisture.

Physiological adaptations

The chemical changes with some bearing on certain survival mechanisms such as the increase in proline and ABA and osmolytes in plants during period of moisture stress.

Biochemical adaptations

Photosynthesis under extreme conditions These 2 plants have a biochemical adaptations that minimize water loss while still allowing photosynthesis to take place in intense sunlight.

C4 and CAM

3 concepts related to plant growth;

Liebig's law of minimum Blackman's theory of optima and limiting factor Mitscherlich law of diminishing return

Law of limiting factors - Liebig's law Also known as the "barrel" concept. If a barrel has staves of different types the lowest one sets the capacity of the barrel.

Liebig's law of the minimum

Father of the fertilizer industry

Justus von Liebig

True or false If one crop nutrient is missing or deficient plant growth will be poor even if the other elements are abundant.

True

True or false Like a barrel with an equal words one nutrient becomes the limiting factor.

True

States that when a process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors the rate of the process is limited by the slowest factor. Example: rate of photosynthesis

Blackman's law of optima and limiting factors

States that a decreasing marginal productivity as levels of the limiting factor is raised. According to this law, plants cannot grow indefinitely and there is a maximum of production. When plants have adequate amounts of all but one limiting element the growth response was proportional to the limiting element.

Mitscherlich law of diminishing returns

Invented the mitscherlich law of diminishing returns

Eilhard Alfred Mitscherlich

5 plant growth regulation;

Auxin Cytokinin Gibberellin Abscissic acid Ethylene

Organic substances other than vitamins and nutrients which are active in very minute amounts. Formed in certain part of the plants and which are usually translocated to other sites where they may promote, inhibit or otherwise modify physiological, biochemical and morphological processes. Growth promoter and growth retardant.

Phytohormones

Generic term applied to growth regulators with the special capacity to promote cell elongation. Naturally occurring auxins are indole-auxins represented by indole-3-acetic acids (IAA). IAA is synthesized from amino acid tryptophan inactively growing tissues. Also produced in mature leaves and root tips but in lower concentration.

Auxin

Is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan inactively growing tissues. Also produced in mature leaves and root tips but in lower concentration.

IAA

Effects of auxin:

Promotes cell enlargement and cell division in the cambium in tissue culture. Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem. Delays leaf senescence and abscission. Promotes fruit setting and development in plants. Can also delay fruit ripening. Induces femaleness in dioecious flowers. Popularly used as herbicide.

Who discovered Gibberellic Acid (GA)

Kurosawa

A japanese plant pathologist in 1928

Kurosawa

Symptom is called "bakane" diseases.

Gibberellic Acid

Rice plants infected by the fungus called _____ (synonym: fusarium moniliforme) showed excessive stem elongation.

Gibberella fujikuroi

Chemical was extracted and purified and named as________ _____.

Gibberellic acid (GA)

How many gibberellins are available now?

80 (GA1 - GA80)

The most commonly occurring gibberellins is ____?

GA 3

Effects of GA;

Stimulates stem elongation. Promotes bolting in long day plants. Induces germination of seeds that normally require a cold treatment (stratification) or light (positively photoblastic seeds). Promotes fruit set and fruit growth in fruits. Induces maleness in dioecious flowers of some species.

Are a class of plant growth substances that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, auxiliary bud growth, and leaf senescence. Ck produced in the roots is transported to the upper organs via xylem.

Cytokinin (CK)

The major site of cytokinin biosynthesis is at the _____.

Root aprical meristem

Effects of cytokinin;

Regulates morphogenesis in culture tissues. Releases lateral buds from apical dominance. Delays leaf senescence. Promotes nutrient mobilization. Enhances accumulation of chlorophyll.

The only phytohormone occurring in gas state.

Ethylene

It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon synthesized from the amino acid (primary precursor) in many tissues in response to stress. Being a gas it moves by diffusion from the site of biosynthesis.

Ethylene

Effects of ethylene;

Promotes ripening of climacteric fruits. Induces epinasty. Induces lateral expansion. Permission of adventitious roots. Induces flowering in pineapple and other bromeliads. Promotes shoot and root growth differentiation. Releases tissues/organs from dormancy. Promotes leaf and fruit abscission. Enhances flower opening in some species.

Synthesize from mevalonic acid immature leaves particularly in response to water stress. Seeds are also rich in ABA which may be imported from the leaves or synthesized in situ.

Abscissic Acid (ABA)

Is exported from leaves in the phloem. May circulate to the roots in the phloem and then return to the shoots in the xylem.

Abscissic Acid (ABA)

It functions in many plant developmental processes including seed and bud dormancy, the control of organ size and stomatal closure.

Abscissic Acid (ABA)

Effects of ABA:

Counteracts the effect of gibberellins in germinating cereal grains. Enhances stomatal closure (during water stress). Promotes leaf senescence. Promotes storage protein synthesis in a seeds. Induces transport of photosynthates towards developing seeds and its subsequent uptake by growing embryos. Induces or maintain stormancy in seeds and buds.

4a Flashcards

(97 cards)