4A.1

Question 1

What do the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors revolve around

Answer 1

The primary sector is mainly based on extraction of raw materials
The secondary sector in mainly manufacturing and processing
The tertiary sector is mainly service based

Question 2

What do the quaternary and quinary sectors revolve around

Answer 2

The quaternary sector is technology based jobs

The quinary sector is management and consultancy

Question 3

What are the factors involved in full time employment

Answer 3

Full time employment:

• set amount of hours each week
• regular pay (e,g monthly)
• Entitled to set time off
• Have to provide notice to leave

Question 4

What are the factors involved in part time employment

Answer 4

Part time employment

• Set amount of hours each week
• Lower than average amount of hours
• Entitled to relative time off

Question 5

What are the factors for temporary/ casual employment

Answer 5

• Hours may change from week to week
• pay is not constant
• Hourly rate may change depending on timings
• No time off entitled

Question 6

What are the factors for permanent employment

Answer 6

Permanent employment

• Regular pay
• set hours
• entitled to time off
• Contracted with conditions listed

Question 7

What are the factors for self employment

Answer 7

• Lower job security as they are their own employer
• Only paid leave if they pay for it
• Have to pay their own taxes
• pay based on own work
• irregular pay

Question 8

What is the Clark fisher model of employment based on

Answer 8

• The Clark fisher model is based on Uk cities in the 1930’s
• It is set into 3 development sectors

Question 9

What does the Clark fisher model show

Answer 9

• The Clark fisher model shows positive economic change

- It shows a decrease in primary industry replaced by secondary after industrialisation before the takeover of tertiary

Question 10

What is one way in which employment and income causes a variation in health

Answer 10

-People with Higher levels of employment and people with higher economic activity may be able to afford private healthcare and education ,which have less demand on them ,leading to better health and lower percentages of bad health in the population

Question 11

How does income and economic activity affect education

Answer 11

Education outcomes are strongly linked to income as wealthier families are able to afford extra tuition and university places meaning they have a greater education.
-This is the opposite of Low income families who are not able to afford extra tuition or private schools and may thentake children out of education at a young age to earn a wage to contribute to family income -leading to generations of low education

Question 12

How can economic activity and employment sector affect life expectancy

Answer 12

Economic activity can affect life expectancy for three main reasons:
Type of employment - Lower skilled manual labour are more likely to have hazardous working conditions e.g involving chemicals leading to lower life expectancy
-Affordability of food-Low incomes may consume more highly processed foods as they are cheaper , leading to diabetes and a lower life expectancy
-Stereotypical lifestyles -In some occupations e.g lower income , workers may take part in lifestyle choices e.g smoking in accordance with social norms of the job

Question 13

How may having a higher income influence life expectancy

Answer 13

-Those with higher incomes may be able to afford residence in areas with better standard of living ,e.g Kingston upon Thames compared with Hackney , such as areas with better access to outside space , recreational facilities and air quality -leading to a longer life expectancy

Question 14

Where can we see an example of how income influences social factors

Answer 14

A variation in social factors due to income can be seen when comparing Kingston upon Thames and Hackney.

• Kingston has a mean annual income of £35,500 whereas Hackney has one of £29,500
• This has led to a 2.9 year variation in life expectancy (in favour of Kingston)
• This has also led to 3.5x as high percentage of people with a degree or higher education in Kingston

Question 15

Describe the pay inequalities in the UK

Answer 15

• Those working in the primary sector receive lower pay than those in more skilled and professional sectors
• The top ten percent of employees ,mainly managers , directors and senior officials , earned over £53,248 annually
• The bottom ten percent of earners (who’s jobs are concentrated in customer service occupations e.g caters ) earn weekly just under £288

Question 16

What types of areas have higher median incomes

Answer 16

Areas of higher median incomes generally occur in urban cores (where most median incomes are £30000-£50000) e.g in the urban cores of the midlands and south east

-Areas of lower median incomes occur in rural areas (where most median incomes are lower than £30,000) e.g in the south west and rural northern England

Question 17

What is the index of multiple deprivation

Answer 17

• Places are ranked by their relative level of deprivation
• Some people fall above or below the average
• Data may be quantitive or qualitative
• Change is measured within places using 4 foci -land use changes,employment trends, demographic change,levels of deprivation

Question 18

How is the Index of Multiple deprivation used

Answer 18

The index of multiple deprivation is used by governments and local authorities to target regeneration aid,allocate resources and target hotspots of crime

Question 19

What were the 2015 findings from IMD data

Answer 19

-The IMD in 2015 found deprivation is still concentrated in large former industrial conurbations
E.g east London , Liverpool
-Many deprived places are on an upward trend e.g Hackney , Haringey

Question 20

How do inequalities in pay levels across economic sectors reflect in quality of life indices

Answer 20

• people with lower paid jobs e.g in primary sector and secondary have less excess income which means they have less to spend on recreation -which in tern decreases quality of life
• People with lower paid jobs also have to work longer hours in order to earn more money and therefore there work-life balance is decreased and they have less time for exercise which increases quality of lofe
• People with lower incomes may also have to live in areas with worse air quality e.g by motorways due to this being where cheapest housing is available which then in tern decreases quality of life