4A.2 Flashcards
How can physical factors cause change to a place
Sea level rise and erosion are causing lots of physical change in some areas which can change the importance of a place and threaten the livelihood of farmers in an area - causing change to the industry makeup of the place e.g at Happisburgh in Norfolk, 250m of land has been lost in 250 years to the sea
- Climate change is also starting to shape policy, architecture and land use decisions for example increasing amounts of farmland are being used to create solar farms which is in tern changing the function of places away from primary industry
- Climate change also has led to zero emissions buildings being integrated into urban planning which has changed the make up of buildings in places e.g Greenwich millennium village in south east London
How has accessibility and connectedness changed places
- The development of Uks motorway and rail network has changed the importance of different places e.g former railway centres such as Nuneaton and Crewe have seen importance decline since the development of the motorways in the 1960’s
- The development of HS1 (2007) which connects London to Kent has sent an increase in commuter settlements swithin Kent due to its increasing east accessibility
- The growth of regional airports e.g east midlands and Newcastle has made migration easy to these areas and so increased diversity
How has historical development caused changes in some areas
-Historical development has caused places to change slowly -with their current layout and characteristics reflecting their history e,g Totnes which has deliberately introduced transition town projects to protect local culture and history
How has local and national planning caused changes in some areas
- national planning has caused changes in some areas e,g the national infrastructure plan(2010) has designated towns like Bicester as new garden cities with 13,000 new homes and a new railway station
- The future building of an east-west railway between Oxford and Cambridge means that changes will occur to property prices and congestion in Bedfordshire and North Buckinghamshire as they become more accessible
How has globalisation caused change to places
-Globalisation has led to it being more cost effective to outsource manufacturing work across the globe as opposed to have it done in england . Deindustrialisation in the UK has changed some towns massively as it has reduced the number of jobs available e.g LG Phillips factory in Newport 2003
What changed that led to the decline of the docklands
- Containerisation meant that very large container ships could not get as far up the Thames and could not fit into the old docks and huge cranes were required as opposed to labourers to life containers off ships. So the docklands were moved to London gateway container port in Essex
- Good were being moved faster by air travel for fresh produce which led to a decline in use of docklands
- London docklands were badly bombed during WW2 as well as during 1996 IRA bombing
What evidence is there that shows a decline of the docklands
- The last of the East End docks was closed in 1981
- Between 1978 and 1983 over 12,000 jobs were lost
- Between 1971-1981 the population of the east end fell by 100,000 as people moved away for jobs
- In 1981 over 60% of adult males were unemployed in parts of east London
Describe the location of the docklands
-The Docklands are in the East end of London, on the Thames close to the river estuary , near to Millwall , Mudchute , Newham and the Lea valley
How has the docklands been reimagined and regenerated
- The conservative government has attempted to rebrand inner cities
- There have been garden festivals since 1984 trying to give a greener image to inner cities and European capitals of culture set up to focus on cultural regeneration in the inner city
- LDDC ((London Docklands development cooperation)( a government agency tasked with regenerating the docklands)) brought together property owners keen to property, architects, construction companies and investors in market led regeneration ( leaving private sector to make decisions about docklands) to improve Docklands
How has economic growth changed the Docklands
- The LDDCs project was to make Canary Wharf London’s second CBD
- There has been land use change and employment sector change with high rise office buildings being built in order to stimulate quaternary employment
- There has been a drive to create high earning jobs to boost economy (but still in 2012 27% of Newhams population earned less than £7 an hour )
- investment banks have set up like HSBC and Barclays
How has transport led to change in the docklands
- Increasing accessibility and connectedness through better transport links has been key to the success of regeneration
- extending Jubilee line on underground
- Development of the DLR
- Building new roads e.g lime house link road
- Creating London city airport to provide easy access to docklands from international companies
How has population and housing changed the docklands
- Population has been transformed in the Docklands
- Older people have moved out (often retiring to Essex coast) and they have been replaced by younger population ( average age of newhams population was just 31 compared to national average of 40)
- There has been large scale migration (newham now most ethnically diverse borough )
- Lower income households have be forved out by the right to by scheme and there has been an increase in private sector housing and a decrease in council housing
What are the remaining problems in the docklands area
- Deprivation has still not been removed
- High income earners are still in the minority
- Tower Hamlets still has lowest life expectancy in London as of 2012 (77 years)
How can change be measured
Change can be measured in
- Land use
- employment
- demographics
- deprivation
What are qualitive indicators
Qualitative indicators include surveys and anecdotal histories
