4.ENDOCRINOLOGY

Question 1

What are hormones

Answer 1

Chemical messengers that act on target tissues/organs via receptors

Question 2

What are neuroendocrine hormones?

Answer 2

Hormones secreted by neurons into the bloodstream (e.g., hypothalamic releasing hormones).

Question 3

What are endocrine hormones?

Answer 3

Hormones secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream (e.g., insulin).

Question 4

What are cytokine hormones?

Answer 4

Hormones secreted by tissues (e.g., leptin).

Question 5

What are lipid-insoluble hormones?

Answer 5

Hormones that act via ion channels or G protein-linked receptors (e.g., insulin).

Question 6

What are lipid-soluble hormones?

Answer 6

Hormones that pass through cell membranes and act on DNA (e.g., testosterone).

Question 7

How do thyroid hormones act?

Answer 7

By entering the nucleus and affecting gene transcription.

Question 8

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

The brain region that regulates hormone secretion through the pituitary gland. Regulates pituitary gland, homeostasis, integrates nervous/endocrine systems

Question 9

What is the function of TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)?

Answer 9

Stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion.

Question 10

What is the function of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)?

Answer 10

Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.

Question 11

What is the function of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)?

Answer 11

Stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion.

Question 12

What is the function of somatostatin?

Answer 12

Inhibits growth hormone secretion.

Question 13

What is the function of CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)?

Answer 13

Stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion.

Question 14

What is the function of PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone)?

Answer 14

Inhibits prolactin secretion.

Question 15

What is the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 15

The part of the pituitary gland that releases hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus.

Question 16

What hormone stimulates body growth?

Answer 16

Growth hormone (GH).

Question 17

What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?

Answer 17

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 18

What hormone stimulates ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis?

Answer 18

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 19

What hormone causes ovulation and testosterone production?

Answer 19

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

Question 20

What hormone stimulates cortisol secretion?

Answer 20

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Question 21

What is prolactin (PRL)?

Answer 21

A hormone that stimulates lactation and promotes parenting behaviour.

Question 22

What is the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 22

The part of the pituitary gland that releases vasopressin and oxytocin.

Question 23

What is vasopressin?

Answer 23

A hormone that regulates blood pressure and promotes social behaviours.

Question 24

What is oxytocin?

Answer 24

The “love hormone” involved in bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

Question 25

list some metabolism related hormones

Answer 25

Thyroid hormones, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, oestrogens, androgens, and cortisol.

Question 26

What is the role of thyroid hormones?

Answer 26

Increase metabolism, heart rate, and respiration; promote growth and CNS development.

Question 27

What are the effects of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 27

Anxiety, restlessness, impaired concentration, and paranoia.

Question 28

What are the effects of hypothyroidism?

Answer 28

Cognitive impairment, memory deficits, and depression.

Question 29

What is insulin?

Answer 29

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels.

Question 30

What is the role of insulin in the brain?

Answer 30

It penetrates the blood-brain barrier and inhibits eating while promoting energy expenditure.

Question 31

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 31

A condition caused by lack of insulin secretion.

Question 32

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 32

A condition caused by decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors.

Question 33

What are stress-related hormones?

Answer 33

Cortisol, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Question 34

What is the role of cortisol?

Answer 34

It helps the body cope with stress by increasing glucose levels and reducing inflammation.

Question 35

What is the role of epinephrine?

Answer 35

Increases heart rate, metabolism, and CNS arousal.

Question 36

What is the role of norepinephrine?

Answer 36

Increases alertness and triggers the fight-or-flight response.

Question 37

How do stress-related hormones affect memory?

Answer 37

They impair memory formation but enhance memory consolidation and retrieval.

Question 38

How does insulin resistance affect the brain?

Answer 38

It impairs memory, worsens sleep, and contributes to cognitive decline.

Question 39

What is the master hormone regulator?

Answer 39

The hypothalamus, which controls hormone secretion through the pituitary gland.

Question 40

How do hormones act?

Answer 40

Via endocrine signaling—released into blood, travel to distant sites

Question 41

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 41

Endocrine secrete into bloodstream; exocrine secrete via ducts