4th Principles of Medical Practice Exam (Batch 2025)

Question 1

1. In Pediatrics Bioethics, autonomy driven framework of adult medical ethics is replaced by:
   a. Beneficient paternalism
   b. Informed Consent
   c. Assent
   d. Dissent

Answer 1

a. Beneficient paternalism

Question 2

2. This refers to a child’s affirmative agreement to a procedure or treatment
   a. Dissent
   b. Assent
   c. Informed Consent
   d. Disagreement

Answer 2

b. Assent

Question 3

3. The following are part of Pediatrics Bioethics, except?
   a. Care of disable newborns
   b. Assent and Parental consent
   c. Geriatric care
   d. Research

Answer 3

c. Geriatric care

Question 4

4. Pediatrics Bioethics is unique because of the fiduciary obligation for the best interest of the child depends on:
   a. Relatives
   b. Pediatricians
   c. Parents
   d. Grandparents

Answer 4

b. Pediatricians

Question 5

5. An assent is best obtained from?
   a. 10 month old infant
   b. 6 year old boy
   c. 4 year old girl
   d. 16 year old girl

Answer 5

d. 16 year old girl

Question 6

6. Capacity for informed decision making in healthcare involves?
   a. Ability to reason
   b. Ability to read
   c. Ability to write
   d. Ability to argue

Answer 6

a. Ability to reason

Question 7

7. The following are aspects of family centered approach, except?
   a. Dependence and vulnerability of the child
   b. Child’s developing capacity for decision making
   c. Complex nature of parent-child relationships
   d. None of the above

Answer 7

d. None of the above

Question 8

8. What should physicians do when they override
   the dissent of a child?
   a. Explain the procedure to the patient child
   b. Apologize to the patient child
   c. Reason out to the patient child
   d. Ignore the patient child

Answer 8

b. Apologize to the patient child

Question 9

9. The doctrine of informed consent has limited direct application to children and adolescents.
   a. True
   b. False

Answer 9

a. True

Question 10

10. The pediatric ethics require pediatricians to override a child’s dissent when a proposed intervention is essential to his welfare.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 10

a. True

Question 11

11. Children’s participation in decision making in healthcare is complex because parents are careless towards their interests.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 11

b. False

Question 12

12. Pediatrics bioethics is autonomy driven
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 12

b. False

Question 13

13. A seventeen year old female can already give an informed consent
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 13

b. False

Question 14

14. Parental authority in children is absolute.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 14

b. False

Question 15

15. Research in involving aborted fetuses in the Philippines is acceptable
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 15

b. False

Question 16

16. It is not the duty of the pediatrician to report abuse or neglect to authorities
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 16

b. False

Question 17

17. Kathy, a 17 year old girl had many sexual partners and was infected recently with a sexually transmitted disease. She begged of you not to tell her parents about her illness.
    Choose the best decision for this scenario.
    a. You will not tell her parents
    b. You will tell her parents in secret
    c. You will tell her parents only after informing her
    d. You will tell her parents immediately

Answer 17

c. You will tell her parents only after
informing her

Question 18

18. Josh, a 14 year old patient diagnosed to have osteosarcoma on his right leg and needed an amputation, however he expressed that he would rather die than go through the procedure.
    a. Proceed with the procedure immediately even without his assent
    b. Let the parents decide themselves
    c. Request a family conference to
    discuss his diagnosis and procedure
    d. Ask them to transfer to another institution

Answer 18

c. Request a family conference to
discuss his diagnosis and procedure

Question 19

19. Which of the following makes a pediatric patient unqualified for autonomy?
    a. Cannot communicate relevant questions
    b. Not able to read or write
    c. Can choose the flavor of his medications
    d. Can refuse therapy as suggested by wailing

Answer 19

a. Cannot communicate relevant questions

Question 20

20. When should the pediatrician defer the decision to the parents?
    a. When the benefit of the procedure clearly outweighs the risk
    b. When the risk of harm after the procedure is pronounced
    c. When the balance of the risk and benefit is not clear
    d. None of the above

Answer 20

c. When the balance of the risk and benefit is not clear

Question 21

21. Doctor acts as a guide, not as the source of knowledge
    a. Catharsis
    b. Insight
    c. Action

Answer 21

c. Action

Question 22

22. Challenge or confront
    a. Catharsis
    b. Insight
    c. Action

Answer 22

b. Insight

Question 23

23. Clarification of Points
    a. Catharsis
    b. Insight
    c. Action

Answer 23

a. Catharsis

Question 24

24. Suspension of judgment
    a. Catharsis
    b. Insight
    c. Action

Answer 24

a. Catharsis

Question 25

25. Ventilation of feelings by the patient a. Catharsis b. Insight c. Action

Answer 25

a. Catharsis

Question 26

26. "You seem to be in a lot pain." a. Reflecting Content b. Reflecting Experience c. Focusing d. Probing

Answer 26

b. Reflecting Experience

Question 27

27. Let's go back to what you mentioned earlier about your Father a. Reflecting Content b. Reflecting Experience c. Focusing d. Probing

Answer 27

c. Focusing

Question 28

28. Paraphrasing what the patient understands about the disease a. Reflecting Content b. Reflecting Experience c. Focusing d. Probing

Answer 28

a. Reflecting Content

Question 29

29. "How does that make you feel?" a. Reflecting Content b. Reflecting Experience c. Focusing d. Probing

Answer 29

d. Probing

Question 30

30. The goal of palliative care is the achievement of a longer life for patients a. True b. False

Answer 30

b. False

Question 31

31. Many aspects of palliative care are also applicable earlier in the course of the illness, in conjunction with anticancer treatment a. True b. False

Answer 31

a. True

Question 32

32. Palliative Care neither hastens nor postpones death a. True b. False

Answer 32

a. True

Question 33

33. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery have a place in palliative care a. True b. False

Answer 33

a. True

Question 34

34. Hospice Care cannot happen in the hospital a. True b. False

Answer 34

b. False

Question 35

35. In Palliative Care, investigative procedures are kept to a minimum a. True b. False

Answer 35

a. True

Question 36

36. For mild to moderate pain, opioids are the drug of choice a. True b. False

Answer 36

b. False

Question 37

37. Parenteral feeding is preferred in palliative care when anorexia is present a. True b. False

Answer 37

b. False

Question 38

38. Antibiotics are contraindicated in patients who can no longer be cured a. True b. False

Answer 38

b. False

Question 39

39. Third’s solution is used for the treatment of dyspnea a. True b. False

Answer 39

b. False

Question 40

40. All infants are incompetent, but not all 90 year olds. a. True b. False

Answer 40

a. True

Question 41

41. Justice is a least discussed principle but is relevant in geriatrics. a. True b. False

Answer 41

a. True

Question 42

42. Pain relief is one of the focus in elderly. a. True b. False

Answer 42

a. True

Question 43

43. Chronological age alone should not be a consideration in considering a certain treatment. a. True b. False

Answer 43

a. True

Question 44

44. Autonomy, Beneficence and Non-maleficence seldom applicable to the elderly a. True b. False

Answer 44

b. False

Question 45

45. A central issue in dealing with geriatric patients is creeping paternalism. a. True b. False

Answer 45

a. True

Question 46

46. One element of a valid consent to medical treatment is that it be made by legally competent individual. a. True b. False

Answer 46

a. True

Question 47

47. Competence is both task-specific and time-specific. a. True b. False

Answer 47

a. True

Question 48

48. Competence is determined by a person’s ability to understand, retain and assess information in order to make a choice and then communicate that choice. a. True b. False

Answer 48

a. True

Question 49

49. The principle of autonomy involves respecting the patient’s decisions. a. True b. False

Answer 49

a. True

Question 50

50. Paternalism generally shows up in relaxed standards about confidentiality. a. True b. False

Answer 50

a. True

Question 51

51. Generally, an informed patient is a good judge of what broad sort of treatment is in her best treatment I on his/her best interest. a. True b. False

Answer 51

a. True

Question 52

52. If a patient is incapable, the physician must obtain consent from a substitute maker. a. True b. False

Answer 52

a. True

Question 53

53. Advanced health care directive may contain instructions about health care treatment. a. True b. False

Answer 53

a. True

Question 54

54. Advanced health care directive may contain instructions about appointment of substitute decision maker. a. True b. False

Answer 54

a. True

Question 55

55. As long as patient is competent, he can revoke or revise advance health care directive. a. True b. False

Answer 55

a. True

Question 56

56. Advance health care directive must be included in patient’s medical record. a. True b. False

Answer 56

a. True

Question 57

57. Elderly patients, regardless of their attitude, deserve to be treated with kindness and justice. a. True b. False

Answer 57

a. True

Question 58

58. Never assume that geriatric patients are not fully capable of making their own decisions a. True b. False

Answer 58

a. True

Question 59

59. The assumption that geriatric patients are not fully capable in making decisions is often influences by living situation of patients, ie., children acting as parents. a. True b. False

Answer 59

a. True

Question 60

60. Care for the terminally ill patients consisting of comfort measures and symptom control is called: a. Euthanasia b. Legal Injection c. Palliative Care d. Curative Care

Answer 60

c. Palliative Care

Question 61

61 . Refer to individual freedom or one’s right to make decisions without being coerced. a. Beneficence b. Autonomy c. Freedom d. Self Incrimination

Answer 61

b. Autonomy

Question 62

62. The administration of a lethal agent by another person to a patient for the purpose of relieving intolerable and incurable suffering is called: a. Euthanasia b. Lethal Injection c. Palliative Care d. Curative Care

Answer 62

a. Euthanasia

Question 63

63. Voluntary a. patient agrees to act b. the act is performed against patient wish c. taking action to kill someone d. allowing the patient to die by withholding life sustaining measures

Answer 63

a. patient agrees to act

Question 64

64. Involuntary a. patient agrees to act b. the act is performed against patient wish c. taking action to kill someone d. allowing the patient to die by withholding life sustaining measures

Answer 64

b. the act is performed against patient wish

Question 65

65. Active a. patient agrees to act b. the act is performed against patient wish c. taking action to kill someone d. allowing the patient to die by withholding life sustaining measures

Answer 65

c. taking action to kill someone

Question 66

66. Passive a. patient agrees to act b. the act is performed against patient wish c. taking action to kill someone d. allowing the patient to die by withholding life sustaining measures

Answer 66

d. allowing the patient to die by withholding life sustaining measures

Question 67

67. Euthanasia is directly or indirectly bringing about the death of another person for that person’s sake. a. True b. False

Answer 67

a. True

Question 68

68. Its moral status depends in large measure on the consent of the patient. a. True b. False

Answer 68

a. True

Question 69

69. The traditional notion of death as the cessation of breathing and heartbeat has been revised in light of new developments in medical technology. a. True b. False

Answer 69

a. True

Question 70

70. According to the whole-brain view of death, the individual is dead when all brain functions permanently stop. The higher-brain view of death says that an individual is dead when higher brain functions permanently stop. a. True b. False

Answer 70

a. True

Question 71

71. An act-utilitarian might see euthanasia as morally permissible because it results in the greatest happiness for all concerned. a. True b. False

Answer 71

a. True

Question 72

72. Kantian theorist could consistently reject euthanasia because it entails treating persons as disposable things or he could consistently maintain that individuals in comas. a. True b. False

Answer 72

a. True

Question 73

73. No child below nine years old shall be committed to a youth care facility or Bahay Pag-asa. a. True b. False

Answer 73

a. True

Question 74

74. Children nine to 15 years of age who commit serious crimes like parricide, infanticide, murder, kidnapping, rape, destructive arson and offenses under the Comprehensive Dangerous Act punishable by 6 years imprisonment, among others, shall be mandatorily placed in the IJISC. a. True b. False

Answer 74

b. False

Question 75

75. A child above nine years old at the time of the commission of the offense shall be exempt from criminal liability. a. True b. False

Answer 75

b. False

Question 76

76. A child nine years and above but below 18 years old shall also be exempt from criminal liability and be subjected to an intervention program unless the child has acted with discernment. a. True b. False

Answer 76

a. True

Question 77

77. The Police shall be primarily liable for civil damages arising out of the actions of children in conflict with the law. a. True b. False

Answer 77

a. True

Question 78

78. For crimes punishable by life imprisonment, the penalty to be imposed shall be imprisonment of up to 12 years. a. True b. False

Answer 78

a. True

Question 79

79. The House Committee on Justice approved a bill lowering the age of criminal liability from 15 to nine years old, which amends Republic Act 9344 or the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. a. True b. False

Answer 79

a. True

Question 80

80. A Bahay Pag-asa shall be established in all provinces and far-flung municipalities in the country. a. True b. False

Answer 80

b. False

Question 81

81. Part of the features of a Bahay Pag-asa is an Intensive Juvenile Intervention and Support Center (IJISC), which will cater to children who committed minor crimes. a. True b. False

Answer 81

b. False

Question 82

82. Lowering the age of criminal liability would be disadvantageous to the poor. a. True b. False

Answer 82

a. True

Question 83

83. A terminally ill patient diagnosed with stage 4 cervical cancer, and end stage renal failure due to cancer complications, has refused chemotherapy, after being thoroughly informed about the pros and cons of treatment. a. Principle of Non-Maleficence b. Principle of Beneficence c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy d. Principle of Justice

Answer 83

c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy

Question 84

84. In cases of incompetent patients who cannot provide consent, who among the following shall be the appointed proxy decision-maker? a. Spouse b. Parents c. Legal guardian d. All of the above

Answer 84

d. All of the above

Question 85

85. The information that should be included in a complete informed consent form, recommending a diagnostic/therapeutic procedure for a patient are the following: a. Complete description of the procedure b. Reason for the proposed procedure c. Benefit/s and risks of the procedure d. All of the above

Answer 85

d. All of the above

Question 86

86. Elements of a “valid” informed consent include the following: a. Competence of patient b. Adequate information c. Comprehension and understanding of information presented d. All of the above

Answer 86

d. All of the above

Question 87

87. An obstetrician-oncologist performs a radical hysterectomy on a pregnant patient G4P3 (3003), 16 weeks AOG, diagnosed with stage 2a cervical cancer, after fully explaining to the patient that a radical hysterectomy is the best mode of management for early stage cervical cancer. a. Principle of human dignity b. Principle of confidentiality c. Principle of totality d. Principle of Double effect

Answer 87

d. Principle of Double effect

Question 88

88. An OB gynecologist decides to do emergency hysterectomy for an atonic uterus that caused massive postpartum bleeding, despite exhausting all medical management. a. Principle of human dignity b. Principle of confidentiality c. Principle of totality d. Principle of Double effect

Answer 88

c. Principle of totality

Question 89

89. An OB-oncologist administers chemotherapy to a patient diagnosed with stage 3 breast cancer, on her 6th month AOG. a. Principle of human dignity b. Principle of confidentiality c. Principle of totality d. Principle of Double effect

Answer 89

d. Principle of Double effect

Question 90

90. Pregnant women or women of reproductive age should be competent to make decisions about risks for potential teratogenicity, whether to participate in a clinical drug trial or not, after a thorough disclosure and explanation by the physician or research investigator. a. Principle of beneficence b. Principle of double effect c. Principle of free and informed consent d. Principle of justice

Answer 90

c. Principle of free and informed consent

Question 91

91. OB-gynecologists should offer or arrange for further opinion and/or ongoing care with another suitable physician if therapy required is beyond the individual OB GYN’s expertise or experience. a. Principle of Non-Maleficence b. Principle of Beneficence c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy d. Principle of Justice

Answer 91

a. Principle of Non-Maleficence

Question 92

92. In emergency situations where consent of the woman could not be obtained, and in the absence of the next of kin, the attending OB-GYN acting in the best interest of the patient has the right to give consent. a. Principle of Non-Maleficence b. Principle of Beneficence c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy d. Principle of Justice

Answer 92

b. Principle of Beneficence

Question 93

93. Women have the right to make choices about whether or not to reproduce. The husband’s consent is not necessary in the decision-making, but for family harmony, the husband’s opinion is taken into consideration a. Principle of Non-Maleficence b. Principle of Beneficence c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy d. Principle of Justice

Answer 93

c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy

Question 94

94. An OB-gynecologist must give priority to their patient’s lives, health and well-being, especially in emergency situations where no other doctor or health care provider is present. She must perform a life-saving emergency procedure, regardless of her religious, cultural, political, and social beliefs. Once the patient is medically stable, then she can refer/transfer to another physician for continuing care. a. Principle of Non-Maleficence b. Principle of Beneficence c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy d. Principle of Justice

Answer 94

b. Principle of Beneficence

Question 95

95. An OB-gynecologist who suspects that she may have a serious infection that might be transferred to patients should voluntarily be tested and should avoid clinical situations that may lead to transfer of infection. a. Principle of Non-Maleficence b. Principle of Beneficence c. Principle of Respect for Autonomy d. Principle of Justice

Answer 95

a. Principle of Non-Maleficence

Question 96

96. This expanded the ten (10) Nuremberg Principles. a. Research Ethics Guidelines b. Declaration of Helsinki c. Belmont Report d. National Ethical Guidelines

Answer 96

b. Declaration of Helsinki

Question 97

97. This includes guidance for doctors doing research on their patients. These guidelines are not present in the Nuremberg Code. a. Research Ethics Guidelines b. Declaration of Helsinki c. Belmont Report d. National Ethical Guidelines

Answer 97

b. Declaration of Helsinki

Question 98

98. Protecting the clinical data of a research falls under which basic ethical principle? a. Respect for Persons b. Beneficence c. Justice d. Non-Maleficence

Answer 98

a. Respect for Persons

Question 99

99. The use of placebo in a research is allowed in which situation/s? a. When it can be compared to the gold standard b. When there is no known treatment available c. When there is an existing effective treatment for study participants d. All of the above

Answer 99

b. When there is no known treatment available

Question 100

100. Louie is about to fail in his subject and was informed that if he joins a research, he will pass. Louie joined the research. a. Violation of the principle of autonomy b. Not a violation of the principle of autonomy c. Not related to autonomy at all d. A violation but not related autonomy

Answer 100

a. Violation of the principle of autonomy