4th year Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
4 requirements for dental caries to form
A
Tooth surface
Bacteria
Substrate
Time
2
Q
Percentage of children in NI who showed obvious decay at 5 years
A
40%
3
Q
Percentage of children in NI who showed obvious decay at 12 years
A
57%
4
Q
Percentage of children in NI who showed obvious decay at 15 years
A
72%
5
Q
Define caries risk assessment
A
Comprehensive assessment of a patient’s social, medical, dental status to determine risk of developing caries
6
Q
When should a caries risk assessment be conducted
A
At first assessment when the first tooth erupts or by one year of age
Should be reassessed regularly as can change/ is non static
7
Q
5 caries risk indicators SDCEP, 2018
A
Previous caries experience
Visible plaque on maxillary incisors
Caries in primary teeth
Resident in an area of deprivation
Caries/restorations in anterior teeth
8
Q
SDCEP guidance on professional intervention for all children 3+ years
A
Apply fluoride varnish (2.2%) to teeth twice a year
9
Q
SDCEP guidance on professional intervention for children 0-6 years giving concern
A
Apply fluoride varnish (2.2%) to teeth at least twice a year
Reduce recall interval
10
Q
SDCEP guidance on professional intervention for all children 7+ giving concern
A
Apply fluoride varnish (2.2%) to teeth twice two or more time a year
Fissure seal permanent molars with resin sealant
Prescribe fluoride mouthrinse (8+), 2800 ppm toothpaste (10+), 5000 ppm toothpaste (16+)
11
Q
Radiographic interval frequency for a high caries risk child
A
6-12 monthly bitewing radiographs until no new or active lesions are apparent
12
Q
Radiographic interval frequency for a low caries risk child
A
12-18 monthly bitewing radiographs in primary dentition
2 yearly bitewing radiographs in permanent dentition
13
Q
Describe clinical indication for the use dental radiographs
A
Visual diagnosis of caries for children aged 4 and above if expected to aid diagnosis or treatment
14
Q
6 limitations of radiographs in the diagnosis of caries
A
Age/ cooperation limitations
Occlusal caries may not be visible
May get triangular radiolucencies on mesial surface upper E’s and 6’s due to Cusp of Carabelli
Usually underestimate the extent of a lesion
Use ionising radiation potentially causing DNA damage
May have overlapping contacts
15
Q
3 treatment options for non cavitated occlusal caries in primary teeth
A
Complete caries removal
Incomplete caries removal
Fissure seal with Resin/GIC
16
Q
3 treatment options for non cavitated proximal caries in primary teeth
A
Complete caries removal
Incomplete caries removal
Seal with Hall crown
17
Q
3 treatment options for cavitated occlusal and proximal caries with no pulp involvement in primary teeth
A
Complete caries removal
Incomplete caries removal
Seal with Hall crown
18
Q
4 types of patient cooperation
A
Co-operative
Potentially co-operative
Lacking in co-operative ability: specific disability affecting ability to cooperate
Pre co-operative: the very young
19
Q
5 methods of dealing with needle phobia
A
Electronic dental anaesthesia
The ‘Wand’ computer controlled injection system
‘Injex’ high pressure jet system
Desensitisation programmes
Hypnosis
20
Q
3 methods of dealing with drill phobia
A
Tell-show-do
Alternative methods of caries removal eg ART restoration
21
Q
5 types of abuse
A
Physical injury
Emotional abuse
Sexual abuse
Physical neglect
Combination
22
Q
5 R’s of child protection
A
Responsibility
Recognising
Responding
Reorganising
Resources
23
Q
3 stages of responding to dental neglect
A
Preventive dental team management
Preventive multi-agency management
Child protection referral
24
Q
4 features of a pulpal pain history
A
Spontaneous severe pain
Pain on biting
Analgesics required
History of swelling
25
4 clinical features of a inflamed pulp
Large extent of caries
Marginal ridge breakdown
Intra-oral swelling or sinus
Extra-oral or facial swelling
26
2 managements of the grossly carious primary molar
Retain
Extract
27
4 considerations when selecting the best management for a grossly carious primary molar
Co-operation
Past medical history
Parental wishes
Risk of damage to permanent successor
28
4 dental indications for carious primary molar retention
No permanent successor
Prevention of mesial migration of 1st permanent molars
Good patient and parental compliance
Patients at risk from an extraction
29
4 dental indications for carious primary molar extraction
Extensive pathology
Extensive internal root resorption
Large number of carious teeth with likely pulpal involvement (>3)
Tooth close to exfoliation (>2/3 root resorption)
30
5 treatment options for vital pulp
Hall crown
Indirect pulp treatment
Direct pulp capping
Vital pulpotomy
Desensitising pulpotomy
31
Describe Hall crown technique
Cementation of preformed metal crown over carious primary molars without LA or tooth preparation
32
4 indications for Hall crowns
No clinical or radiographic signs of pulp involvement
Sufficient remaining sound tooth tissue to retain crown
Good cooperation
Class 1/ 2 cavities unable to accept restorations
33
3 containdications to Hall crowns
Infective endocarditis risk
Unusual morphology
Poor cooperation
34
2 aims of pulp capping
Arrest the carious process and provide conditions conducive to the formation of reactionary dentine
Promote pulpal healing and preserve pulp vitality
35
3 indications for indirect pulp treatment
Tooth with deep carious lesion
No signs/symptoms indicative of pulpal pathology
<2/3 marginal ridge breakdown
36
Describe the success rate of indirect pulp capping
Greater than 90% at 3 years
37
3 indications for direct pulp treatment
Asymtomatic tooth, small exposure and in older child (tooth due to shed in 1-2 years maximum)
Iatrogenic exposure or trauma
<2/3 marginal ridge breakdown
38
Describe the success rate of direct pulp capping
Poor success rate
High incidence of internal resorption
39
Aim of a vital pulpotomy
To remove the coronal pulp, which has been clinically diagnosed as inflamed, retain healthy or reversibly inflammed radicular pulp
40
4 indications for vital pulpotomy
Transient pain or asymptomatic tooth
Pulp minimally inflamed / reversible pulpitis
2/3 marginal ridge breakdown
Pulp exposure through caries or iatrogenic
41
Describe the process of a vital pulpotomy
Removal of coronal pulp using sterile excavator or large round steel bur
Control haemorrhage by using a cotton pledget soaked in saline to achieve haemostatsis <4 minutes
Place 15.5% ferric sulphate (Astringedent) solution with a cotton pledget over pulp stumps for 15 secs
Cover root stumps with reinforced Kalzinol
Restore with GI/crown
42
Describe the success rate of vital pulpotomy
92 -96.4% at 4 years
43
2 indications for desensitising pulp therapy
Failure of haemostasis of radicular pulp stump during vital pulpotomy
Hyperalgesic pulp
44
Aim of desensitising pulp therapy
Reduce pulpal inflammation and symptoms in order to facilitate subsequent pulpotomy or pulpectomy procedure
45
Describe the process of desensitising pulp therapy
Place small pledget of cotton wool loaded with Odontopaste over exposure site
Place a well sealed temporary dressing over the pledget
Recall after 7-14 days and proceed with a pulpotomy or pulpectomy
46
3 treatment options a non-vital pulp
Pulpectomy
Non-vital pulpotomy (not indicated)
Extraction
47
Aim of pulpectomy
Remove irreversibly inflammed or necrotic radicular pulp and clean root canal system and the obturate root canals with a material that resorbs at same rate as tooth
48
4 indications for pulpectomy
Spontaneous pain
Non vital pulp with/without infection
Primary molars with radiographic evidence of furcation pathology
Greater than 2/3 root remaining
49
4 contraindications to pulpectomy
Tooth unrestorable
Caries through bifurcation
Extensive root resorption
Extensive periapical pathology
50
Describe the access cavity for maxillary primary teeth
Triangular access with apex towards palate and base towards buccal
51
Describe the access cavity for mandibular primary teeth
Rectangular access
52
Number of canals mandibular 1st molars
3 or 4
53
Number of canals mandibular 2nd molars
3 or 4
54
Number of canals maxillary 1st molars
3
55
Number of canals maxillary 2nd molars
3 or 4
May exhibit connections involving furcation and horizontal anastomoses
56
4 difficulties of paediatric pulpectomy
Requires good patient co-operation
Complex morphology of root canal
Difficult to achieve proper cleansing by mechanical instrumentation and irrigation
Thin walls may make instrumentation without perforation difficult
57
Describe 4 features of an ideal primary tooth root canal filling material
Resorb at same rate as primary tooth
Be harmless to the periapical tissue and permanent successor
Resorb easily if extruded beyond the apex
Antibacterial
58
Decribe the follow-up of pulpotomy and pulpectomy
Clinically: 6 monthly
Radiographically: 12-18 monthly
59
4 complications of primary molar pulp therapy
Periapical / interradicular pathology
Enamel defects in permanent successor
Internal resorption
Furcation due to over preparation
60
4 ways to prevent errors in paediatric dental extractions
Whiteboard with 3 point identification, teeth to be extracted
Avoid Cryers elevators and luxators to avoid damage to to developing successor
Count from midline to prevent confusion between 6’s and E’s
Ensure good lower lip management
61
5 indications for general anaesthesia
Young child
Special needs
Anticipated distress from local anaesthetic
Multiple extractions
Surgical extractions
62
3 contraindications to general anaesthesia
Caries is asymptomatic with no infection
Orthodontic extractions
Patient /parent request
63
delete 4 individuals that consent for GA
Mother can always give consent
Father if name is on the birth certificate after April 2002
Gillick competent
Adoptive parents
64
3 complications of GA
Wound infection
Bleeding
Downiness, nausea, vomiting, headaches
65
Incidence of dental trauma 5 year old girls
16-30%
66
Incidence of dental trauma 5 year old boys
31-40%
67
Incidence of dental trauma 12 year old girls
4-19%
68
Incidence of dental trauma 12 year old boys
12-33%
69
4 predisposing factors to dental trauma
Boys x2
Increased overjet
Lip incompetency
Peak age 2-4 years and 8-10 years
70
Incidence of enamel fractures
31%
71
Incidence of dentine fractures
45%
72
Incidence of pulp fractures
5%
73
Incidence of root fractures
0.5%
74
Incidence of concussed, loose, displaced teeth
< 10%
75
Incidence of avulsion injuries
0.5%
76
delete 4 WHO trauma classifications
Injuries to the hard dental tissues and the pulp
Injuries to the periodontal tissues
Injuries to supporting bone
Injuries to the skin, gingiva or oral mucosa
77
Define infraction
Incomplete crack of enamel, no loss of tooth substance
78
Describe 1 clinical features for infraction
Crack of enamel seen on trans-illumination
79
Define enamel fracture
Loss of tooth substance confined to enamel
80
Define uncomplicated enamel dentine fracture
Loss of tooth substance confined to enamel and dentine not involving the pulp
81
Define complicated enamel dentine fracture
Loss of tooth substance confined to enamel and dentine involving the pulp
82
Define uncomplicated crown-root fracture
Fracture of enamel, dentine and cementum, but not involving the pulp
83
Define complicated crown-root fracture
Fracture of enamel, dentine, and cementum, exposing the pulp
84
3 clinical signs of a crown-root fracture
Crown fracture extending below gingival margin
Mobile coronal fragment
TTP
85
Define root fracture
Fracture of dentine, cementum and pulp at the apical, middle or coronal third of root which can be displaced or undisplaced
86
3 clinical signs of root fracture
Mobile or displaced coronal fragment
TTP
Negative vitality
87
Define concussion
Injury to the periodontal ligament
88
Define subluxation
Injury to the periodontal tissues causing increased mobility but no displacement
89
Define extrusive luxation
Injury to the periodontal tissues causing partial displacement of tooth out from socket
90
Define lateral luxation
Injury to the periodontal tissues causing displacement palatally/lingually or labially
91
Define intrusion
Injury to the periodontal tissues causing displacement into bone, with fracture of alveolar plate
92
Define avulsion
Complete displacement of tooth from socket
93
3 trauma injuries to supporting bone
Fracture of alveolar socket wall
Fracture of mandibular or maxillary alveolar process
Fracture of mandible or maxilla
94
Define laceration
Wound resulting from a tear
95
Define contusion
Bruise resulting from a submucosal haemorrhage, no wound
96
Define abrasion
Superficial wound produced by scraping or rubbing of surface
97
2 signs to determine non-accidental injury
Delay in presentation
Inconsistent or changing history
98
2 prevention strategies to prevent dental trauma
Mouthguards
Mouth protectors
99
2 managements for enamel infractions in permanent and primary teeth
Monitor
Occasionally etch and seal if sensitive
100
4 managements for enamel fracture in permanent teeth
Monitor
Smooth if necessary with soft-flex disc to prevent soft tissue damage
Restore tooth with composite
Splint if mobile
101
2 managements for enamel fracture in primary teeth
Monitor
Smooth if necessary with soft-flex disc to prevent soft tissue damage
102
2 managements for enamel dentine fractures (uncomplicated) in permanent teeth
Dress exposed dentine with glass ionomer and restore tooth with composite
Dress exposed dentine with glass ionomer and reattach tooth fragment
103
2 managements for enamel dentine fractures (uncomplicated) in primary teeth
Glass ionomer dressing to protect dentine and decrease sensitivity if sufficient cooperation
Smooth to prevent soft tissue trauma
104
4 factors to consider when managing enamel, dentine fracture with pulp exposure in permanent teeth
Time from pulp exposure
Size of pulp exposure
Stage of root development
Cooperation from child
105
3 managements for enamel, dentine fracture with pulp exposure in permanent teeth
Pulp cap
Pulpotomy
Pulpectomy
106
3 indications for pulp cap following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth
Short time of exposure
Pin point exposure
Poor co-operation
107
Describe the method of pulp capping following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth
Layer of setting calcium hydroxide placed directly over exposed pulp, then covered with bandage of GI or composite
108
2 advantages of treating complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth with pulpotomy
Aims to allow continued root growth (apexogenesis)
Avoids need for open apex RCT
109
4 indications for pulpotomy following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth
Small exposure
Vital pulp
Not infected
Patient co-operative
110
Success rate of pulpotomy following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth
80 -96%
111
Describe the method of pulpotomy following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth
Remove non vital tissue (2-3mm), ensure haemostasis, place non setting Calcium Hydroxide, cover with GI or MTA or biodentine
112
Follow up of a pulpotomy following complicated enamel and dentine fractures
Radiographs at 1 month, then 3-6 months, check hard tissue barrier formation, check continued root growth
113
3 indications for pulpectomy following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth
Gross exposure of pulp
Complex crown / root fracture
Necrotic pulp
114
Describe the method of pulpectomy following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth with closed apex
Standard root canal treatment
115
Describe the method of pulpectomy following complicated enamel, dentine fracture in permanent teeth with open apex
Apexification
116
Management of enamel, dentine fracture with pulp exposure in primary teeth
Extraction due to limited cooperation for pulp treatment
117
Management of root fractures (apical/middle) in permanent teeth
Immediate repositioning and flexibile splinting for 4 weeks, advise soft diet and Chlorhexidine mouthwash
118
Describe a flexible splint
Includes 1 tooth either side of the traumatised tooth
119
Describe a rigid splint
Includes 2 teeth either side of the traumatised tooth
120
3 managements of root fractures (coronal) in permanent teeth
Extraction of coronal fragment and extrusion of root
Endodontic treatment to fracture line
Extraction of tooth
121
Which location of root fractures have the poorest prognosis
Coronal third fractures
122
2 management of root fractures in primary teeth
If coronal fragment is stable then it can be monitored
If coronal fragment is displaced / mobile then extraction may be required
123
Management of concussion in primary and permanent teeth
Advise analgesia, soft diet, good OH and monitor for loss of vitality
124
2 managements for subluxation in permanent teeth
Advise analgesia, soft diet, good OH and monitor
Flexible splint 2 weeks if very mobile/ tender or closed apex
125
Management for subluxation in permanent teeth
Advise analgesia, soft diet, good OH and monitor
126
4 direct splint options
Composite and 0.016wire
Composite and titanium trauma splint
Orthodontic bracket and wire
Composite
127
2 indirect splint options
Acrylic
Thermoplastic
128
Management of lateral luxation in permanent teeth
Reposition and splint for 4 weeks
129
2 managements of lateral luxation in primary teeth
If minimal occlusal intereference reposition
If severe extract or reposition and splint
130
Management of extrusion in permanent teeth
Reposition and splint for 2 weeks
131
Management of extrusion in primary teeth
Advise analgesia, good OH, monitor
132
Management of intrusive luxation in permanent teeth
Monitor for up to 4 weeks if no movement consider alternative treatment
Orthodontic extrusion
Surgical repositioning and splint for 4 weeks
RCT 2 weeks following injury
133
Management of intrusive luxation in primary teeth
Advise analgesia, good OH, monitor for re-eruption, usually within 6 months-1year
134
Dental trauma guidance on open apex intrusive luxation in permanent teeth
Monitor for 4 weeks then orthodontic extrusion
135
Percentage of open apex teeth become non vital following intrusive luxation injury
60%
136
Dental trauma guidance on management of closed apex intrusive luxation of 3, 3-6 and 7mm in permanent teeth
<3mm: monitor for 4 weeks then orthodontic extrusion/surgical repositioning
3-6mm: orthodontic extrusion/surgical repositioning then RCT
>7mm: surgical repositioning then RCT
137
What are you assessing when following up after open apex intrusive luxation in permanent teeth
Monitor signs or symptoms of pulp death start RCT with apexification
138
5 indications for the use of antibiotics following dental trauma
Contamination
Additional injury to soft tissues
Significant surgical intervention
Immunocompromised patient
Always for reimplantation in permanent teeth
139
3 managements of avulsion in permanent teeth
Re-implant immediately, antibiotics, tetanus vaccination, flexible splint for 2 weeks
In open apex teeth: avoid RCT unless signs
In closed apex teeth: RCT within 2 weeks
140
3 suitable storage mediums for avulsed tooth
Cold fresh milk
Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution
Saliva
141
5 contra-indications to reimplantation following avulsion
Immature permanent tooth with short wide open apex
Prolonged extraoral time
Gross contamination
Grossly carious tooth
Severe periodontal disease
142
Critical factor determining avulsion outcomes
Periodontal ligament survival
143
3 factors that affect periodontal ligament survival of avulsed tooth
Dry storage time
Contamination of root
Handling of root
144
delete 4 trauma injuries to supporting bone
Comminution of alveolar socket wall
Fracture of alveolar socket wall
Fracture of mandibular or maxillary alveolar process
Fracture of mandible or maxilla
145
Management of alveolar fracture in primary and permanent teeth
Debridement, reposition, flexible splint for 4 weeks
146
3 stages of root growth
Divergent
Parallel
Convergent
147
Effect of pulp death on tooth development
Arrests development
148
Emergency management of an acute abscess following trauma
Full extirpation of pulp and dress with non-setting Calcium Hydroxide
149
3 complications of non vital immature tooth endodontics
Compromised crown root ratio
Thin root dentine walls
Lack of dentinal stop against which root canal materials can be condensed
150
Describe apexification
Technique that forms a barrier at apex to enable a root filling to be condensed
151
2 potential methods of apexification
Calcium hydroxide therapy to induce barrier
Artificial plug (MTA)
152
Describe the method calcium hydroxide apexification
Repeated dressing of non-setting calcium hydroxide at 3-6 monthly intervals to create a calcific barrier across the root apex
153
Success rate of apical closure using Calcium Hydroxide
90%
154
Success rate at 5 yrs of apical closure using Calcium Hydroxide
85%
155
4 disadvantages of calcium hydroxide apexification
Lengthy course of treatment - may take up to 30 months for barrier
Position and quality of barrier unpredictable
Increases brittleness of tooth
Discolouration of tooth
156
Describe the method of MTA artificial plug
2 weeks following extirpation of the pulp, place MTA with fine tipped MTA carrier 2 mm short of WL and carefully condense until 4mm thickness
157
4 properties of MTA
Hydrophilic
5 min working time, sets <4hrs
Non-resorbable
pH 12.5
158
4 advantages of MTA artificial plug
Low leakage
Radiopaque
Few number of visits
Better success than CH technique
159
3 disadvantages of MTA artificial plug
Expensive
Discolouration of tooth
Contributes to brittleness
160
Describe the regenerative endodontic technique
Harnesses the potential of stem cells at apical papilla to repopulate root canal space and produces further root hard tissue
161
2 advantages of regenerative endodontic technique
Root thickening
Decreases propensity for root fracture
162
2 disadvantages of regenerative endodontic technique
Pulp canal obliteration may complicate future endodontics
Highly unpredictable
163
Describe the method of regenerative endodontic technique
Pulp extirpated and bi-antibiotic paste sealed into canal
Review 2-4 weeks later, irrigate and insert sharp instrument 2 mm beyond apex to induce bleeding to fill canal and induce clot, seal with GI
164
5 sequelaes of trauma to the permanent dentition
Loss of vitality
Periapical inflammation
Arrest of root development
Root resorption
Pulp canal obliteration
165
3 clinical signs of loss of vitality
Discoloured, often progressively grey
Negative to sensibility tests (>3 month after trauma)
Swelling, tenderness, sinus in sulcus
166
3 radiographic signs of loss of vitality
Periapical radiolucency
Root resorption
Arrested root development
167
Percentage of mature teeth with signs of transient apical breakdown following luxation injuries
>4%
168
2 radiographic signs of arrest of root development
Failure of pulp canal to mature
Reduction in size (loss of vitality)
169
Aetiology of external inflammatory resorption
PDL damage propagated by necrotic pulp/PDL
170
2 types of dental trauma associated with external inflammatory resorption
Avulsion
Intrusion
171
2 radiographic signs of external inflammatory resorption
Punched out radiolucent areas of resorption on root surface/adjacent bone
PDL expansion
172
Management of internal and external inflammatory resorption
Extirpation, debridement, non-setting calcium hydroxide
173
Aetiology of internal inflammatory resorption
Chronic pulpal inflammation
174
Radiographic sign of internal inflammatory resorption
Ballooning of walls of root canal
175
Aetiology of cervical resorption
Damage to root surface in cervical region, propagated by necrotic pulp or perio disease
176
Clinical sign of cervical resorption
Pink spot
177
Radiographic sign of cervical resorption
Radiolucency cervical margin
178
Management of cervical resorption
Curette defect and restore +/-RCT
179
Aetiology of ankylosis
Extensive damage to PDL and cementum results in bony union between alveolar socket and root surface
180
2 trauma injuries associated with ankylosis
Intrusion
Avulsion
181
Clinical sign of ankylosis
High metallic percussion note
182
Radiographic sign of ankylosis
Loss of periodontal space, bone in direct contact with root
183
2 managements of ankylosis
Luxation of tooth
Extraction
184
Dental trauma injury associated with pulp canal obliteration
Luxation injuries in immature teeth
185
2 clinical signs of pulp canal obliteration
Opaque/ yellow crown
Reduced response to vitality testing
186
2 radiographic signs of pulp canal obliteration
Narrowing of root canal
Thin thread of pulp tissue
187
What does grey/brown appearance of teeth suggest
Pulp necrosis
188
What does yellow appearance of teeth suggest
Pulp canal obliteration
189
What does pink appearance of teeth suggest
Internal resorption, bleed into dentine
190
Prognosis of uncomplicated crown fracture with and without dentine coverage
No dentine coverage: pulp necrosis 54%
Dentine protected: pulp necrosis 8%
191
Success rate of complicated crown fracture Apexogenesis
80-96% success
192
5 year pulp survival for open apex concussion and subluxation injuries
100%
193
5 year pulp survival for open apex extrusion and lateral luxation injuries
95%
194
5 year pulp survival for open apex intrusion injuries
40%
195
5 year pulp survival for open apex avulsion injuries
18-34%
196
5 year pulp survival for closed apex concussion injuries
96%
197
5 year pulp survival for closed apex subluxation injuries
85%
198
5 year pulp survival for closed apex extrusion injuries
45%
199
5 year pulp survival for closed apex lateral luxation injuries
25%
200
Percentage of intrusion injuries in open apex teeth causing inflammatory resorption
41%
201
Percentage of intrusion injuries in open apex teeth causing replacement resorption
10%
202
Percentage of intrusion injuries in closed apex teeth causing inflammatory resorption
35%
203
Percentage of intrusion injuries in closed apex teeth causing replacement resorption
31%
204
2 managements of pulpal necrosis in primary dentition
Extraction
Endodontic treatment
205
2 managements of pulp canal obliteration in primary dentition
Usually exfoliates
Extraction if periapical inflammation
206
2 managements of replacement resorption
Monitor, may resorb
Extraction if pathology
207
4 injuries to developing dentition following trauma to primary teeth
Hypomineralisation/ hypoplasia of enamel
Crown / root dilaceration
Arrest of root development
Disturbance in eruption
208
Percentage of primary tooth trauma affecting successor
12 – 69%
209
Describe when most damage to permanent successor occurs
Before 3 yrs of age during tooth development
210
Describe Digital Subtraction Radiography (DSR)
Determines qualitative changes that occur between 2 radiographic images: subtract pixel values for each coordinate of the 1st radiograph from equivalent coordinate in a 2nd radiograph
