5 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
scientific study of disease
A
pathology
2
Q
cause of diseaese
A
Etiology
3
Q
manner in which disease develops
A
pathogenesis
4
Q
disease-causing microorganism
A
pathogen
5
Q
invasion or colonization of the body
by pathogenic microorganisms
A
infection
6
Q
any change from a state of health
due to infection
A
disease
7
Q
subjective changes not apparent
to an observer
A
symptoms
8
Q
objective changes the physician can
observe and measure
A
signs
9
Q
a specific group of symptoms or
signs that may always accompany a particular
disease
A
syndrome
10
Q
microorganisms that establish more or less
permanent residence (colonize) but that do not
produce disease under normal conditions
A
normal microbiota
11
Q
prevention of overgrowth of harmful microorganisms by normal microbiota
A
microbial antagonism
12
Q
One organisms benefits, and other is unaffected
A
commensalism
13
Q
both organism benefit
A
mutualism
14
Q
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
A
parasitism
15
Q
ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal
habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a
different environment
A
opportunistic pathogen
16
Q
demonstrated that Bacillus anthracis was always
present in the blood of animals that had the
disease (anthrax) and not in healthy animals
A
Robert Koch
17
Q
did the same for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Koch’s bacillus)
A
Robert koch
18
Q
spreads from 1 host to
another (herpes, typhoid fever, TB, etc)
A
communicable disease
19
Q
easility communicable (chickenpox, measles)
A
contagious disease
20
Q
not spread from one host to another (e.g. tetanus)
A
Non communicable disease
21
Q
occasional and irregular occurrence
(typhoid fever)
A
sporadic
22
Q
constantly present in a population (common
cold)
A
endemic
23
Q
persistent, high levels of occurrence
A
hyperendemic
24
Q
increase, often sudden, in the number of
cases of a disease above what is normally expected
(flu)
A
Epidemic
25
an epidemic that has spread over several
countries or continents
pandemic
26
22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among
residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0-1 per year)
endemic
27
Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national
average of 134 cases per 100,000 population.
hyperendemic
28
Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national
average of 134 cases per 100,000 population.
Pandemic
29
Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a
community
epidemic
30
About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this
region per week, slightly less than the national average
sporadic
31
causative agent remains inactive for a
time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of
the disease (shingles)
Latent disease
32
develops rapidly but lasts only a short time (flu)
acute disease
33
intermediate between acute and chrnic
subacute disease
34
develops more slowly, may be less
severe, but likely to continue or recur for long periods
(infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B)
chronic disease
35
the invading microorganisms are
limited to a relatively small body area (furuncle,
abscess)
local infection
36
agents of local infection enter a
blood/lymphatic vessel and spread to other body
parts, where they are confined to specific areas
Focal infection
37
microorganisms or their
products are spread throughout the body by the
blood/lymph (measles)
systemic infection
38
systemic infection
from the multiplication of pathogens or spread of toxins in
the blood
Septicemia (“blood poisoning”)
39
toxic inflammatory reaction to septicemia that
can lead to tissue damage and death
sepsis
40
disease as a result of the pathogen’s
presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and
their intrinsic virulence
Primary infection
41
disease caused by
an opportunistic pathogen in a host with depressed
resistance (immunodeficiency) or if they have unusual
access to the inside of the body
Secondary/opportunistic infection
42
no noticeable illness (e.g. in carriers)
Subclinical infection
43
Enumerate the development of disease
incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence
44
simula ng infection and pagkakita ng symptoms
incubation period
45
depends on the specific microorganism involved, its
virulence, the number of infecting microorganisms, and
the resistance of the host
incubation period
46
relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some disease
prodromal period
47
early, mild symptoms of disease, e.g., general aches and
malaise
prodromal period
48
it is the most severe and has overt signs and symptoms, while white blood cells may increase or decrease
period of illness
49
signs and symptoms subside and is vulnerable to to secondary infections
period of decline
50
body returns to prediseased state (recovery)
Period of convalescence
51
continual source of pathogen; provides pathogen with
adequate conditions for survival and multiplication
Reservoir of infections
52
infections are communicable diseases and carriers
human reservoirs
53
Zoonoses – diseases that occur primarily in animals and can
be transmitted to humans (rabies, Lyme disease
Animal reservoirs
54
diseases that occur primarily in animals and can
be transmitted to humans (rabies, Lyme disease
zoonoses
55
infections are through soil, water, food
nonliving reservoirs
56
what are the transmission of disease
Contact
Vehicle
Vector
57
physical contact
direct contact
58
intermediate nonliving object
Indirect contact
59
droplet nuclei short distance
droplet transmission
60
contaminated water
waterborne transmission
61
contaminated food
food borne transmission
62
droplet nuclei long distance
airborne transmission
63
passive transport
mechanical transmission
64
reproduces in vector
biological transmission
65
Alpha virus (dengue fever virus)
dengue
66
plasmodium spp
Malaria
67
infections acquired while receiving treatment in Healthcare settings
healthcare-associate infections
68
hospital-acquired infection
nosocomial infections
69
is now the leading cause of HAIs
Clostridium difficile
70
bloodstream
coagulase-negative staphylococci
Enterococcus spp.
71
surgical wound
staphylococcus aureus
72
diarrhea after abdominal surgeric
Clostridium difficile
73
Urinary tract infections
Candida spp
Escherichia coli (most common)
74
Urinary tract and pneumonia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
75
infection type is from all sites
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter spp.
Acinobacter baumannii
76
Rank 1 type of infections
Pneumonia
Surgical-site infection
77
whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
compromised host
78
reduce the transmission of microbes in health care and traditional settings
Universal precautions
79
basic, minimum practices
designed to prevent transmission of pathogens from
one person to another and are applied to every
person every time
Standard precautions
80
designed to supplement standard precautions in individuals with known or suspect infections that are highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens
transmission-based precautions
81
is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection
handwashing
82
It is diseases that are new or changing, that shows an increase in incidence in the recent past, and show potential increase in the future
Ends or Emerging infections diseases
83
EIDs are mostly from what type of infections?
Zoonotic
84
What are diseases that modern transportation cause spread to new geographic areas
Zika virus
Chikungunya
Dengue
West Nile encephalitis
85
use of pathogens or toxins to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants as an act of violence and intimidatiob
bioterrorism
86
studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
epidemiology
87
father of modern epidemiology
John snow
88
what did John snow investigated in londons, that attributed deaths?
cholera
89
Recorded the number of births and maternal deaths at Vienna General Hospital
Ignaz semmelweiss
90
what is puerperal sepsis known as
Childbirth fever
91
nosocomial infection that begins in the uterus
Puerperal sepsis
92
how is puerperal sepsis cause
streptococcus pyogenes
93
ordered all medical students wash their hands with chloride of lime that decrease the mortality rate to 2%
Ignaz semmelweiss
94
3 types of epidemiology investigation
Descriptive
Analytical
Experimental
95
generally retrospective where the epidemiologist backtracts to the cause and source of disease
Descriptive epidemiology
96
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
analytical epidemeology
97
two types of method of analytical epidemeology
Case control method (retrospective)
Cohort method (Prospective)
98
group of people with disease is compared to group of people without, how many are exposed to agent
Case control method
99
group with exposure to agent is compared to a to a group without exposure to agent, how many develop the disease
cohor method
100
All variables are constant except for experimental variable
Experimental epidemiology
101
testing on humans
clinical trial
102
the number of cases of a specific disease
morbidity
103
the number of deaths from these disease
mortality
104
Number of people in a population who develop the disease during a particular time period
Incidene
105
number of people in a population who have the disease at a specified time, regardless when it first appeared
prevalence
