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PA 550 > 5/29/25 ANS > Flashcards

5/29/25 ANS Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Is the ANS part of the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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2
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

What 2 parts of the ANS are part of the motor (efferent) division?

A

Somatic and Visceral motor (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous system innervate?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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5
Q

What does the autonomic (visceral motor) system innervate?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (both exocrine and endocrine)

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6
Q

Which part of the ANS is responsible for fight or flight?

A

Sympathetic

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7
Q

Which part of the ANS is responsible for rest and digest?

A

Parasympathetic

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8
Q

Somatic system neurotransmitter

A

ACh

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9
Q

Sympathetic system neurotransmitters

A

NE and E

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10
Q

Parasympathetic system neurotransmitters

A

ACh

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11
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons for the somatic division located?

A

In the CNS (UMN) or ventral horn of spinal cord (LMN) (one motor neuron)

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12
Q

The autonomic nervous system is a chain of __ motor neurons.

A

2

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13
Q

Where is the 1st motor neuron (preganglionic neuron) in the ANS?

A

In the brain or spinal cord

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14
Q

Where is the 2nd motor neuron (postganglionic neuron) located?

A

In a cell body in a ganglion outside of the CNS…technically in the PNS

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15
Q

Which are faster: somatic nerves or ANS nerves?

A

Somatic…they have heavier myelination.

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16
Q

What part of the spinal column is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system? Think thoracolumbar

A

T1-L2 (lateral gray horns). The preganglionic neurons reside here

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17
Q

What part of the spinal column is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system? Think craniosacral

A

S2-S4 (lateral gray horns), brainstem (preganglionic neurons reside here)

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18
Q

Which part of the ANS is a catabolic system?

A

Sympathetic

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19
Q

Which apart of the ANS is an anabolic system?

A

Parasympathetic

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20
Q

When is the sympathetic system activated?

A

Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

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21
Q

True or False: In crisis, the entire sympathetic nervous system responds

A

True (NE released at specific locations, NE/E released into bloodstream…creates adrenaline rush)

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22
Q

When does the parasympathetic system become activated?

A

Digestion, defecation, and diuresis

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23
Q

What cranial nerves have nuclei associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

3,7,9,10

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

10

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25
In the parasympathetic nervous system, where are the post-ganglionic neurons located?
Very close to the target organ
26
In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the post-ganglionic neurons located?
In a string of ganglia outside of the vertebrae called the sympathetic trunk
27
What are the ganglia located outside of the sympathetic trunk called?
Collateral ganglia
28
Define dual innervation
Most of the viscera in the body is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, but both do not innervate an organ equally (usually one if more dominant depending on organ)
29
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have _______ effects (oppose one another).
Antagonistic
30
What does the sympathetic system do to HR (same effector as parasympathetic)?
Increases
31
What does the parasympathetic system do to HR (same effector as sympathetic)?
Decreases
32
What does the sympathetic system do to the pupils (innervates different cells than parasympathetic)?
Dilates pupils
33
What does the parasympathetic system do to the pupils (innervates different cells than sympathetic)?
Constricts pupils
34
Define the cooperative effects of dual innervation
When 2 divisions act on a different effector to produce a unified effect Parasympathetic increases salivary serous cell secretion Sympathetic increases salivary mucous cell secretion
35
Where is ANS cooperation best seen?
External genitalia Parasympathetic causes vasodilation --> responsible for erection of penis and clitoris Sympathetic causes ejaculation of semen in males and peristalsis in females
36
What are some effectors that only receive sympathetic stimulation?
Adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles (skin), sweat glands, peripheral vasculature
37
Define sympathetic tone
A baseline for firing frequency (helps regulate blood pressure)
38
Increased sympathetic tone does what to blood pressure (increase firing frequency)?
Vasoconstriction --> increased blood pressure
39
Decreased sympathetic done does what to blood pressure (decreased firing frequency)?
Vasodilation --> Decreased blood pressure
40
What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors that bind ACh?
nicotinic and muscarinic
41
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
Motor end plates, all ganglionic neurons in ANS, the hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla
42
The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always ________. Stimulatory or inhibitory
Stimulatory
43
Where are muscarinic receptors located?
On all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers (parasympathetic)
44
The effect of ACh binding to muscarinic receptors is _______?
Can be either inhibitory or excitatory depending on the target organ
45
What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha and beta
46
How many alpha subclasses of adrenergic receptors are there?
2
47
How many beta subclasses of adrenergic receptors are there?
3
48
Effects of NE binding to alpha receptors is generally ________. Stimulatory or inhibitory
Stimulatory
49
Effects of NE binding to beta receptors is generally ________. Stimulatory or inhibitory What is the one exception?
Inhibitory Exception: stimulatory in the heart
50
What enzyme can be found in the cholinergic synapse to degrade ACh?
Acetylcholinesterase
51
Where does NE re-uptake occur?
synaptic bulb
52
How is NE metabolized?
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
53
Circulating catecholamines (EPI and NE) are inactivated by what enzyme released by the liver?
Catechol-o-methyltransderase (COMT)
54
What are drugs that mimic ANS neurotransmitters called?
Receptor agonists
55
Are receptor agonists stimulatory or inhibitory?
Stimulatory
56
What do receptor agonists bind to?
Active receptors
57
What are drugs that block ANS neurotransmitters called?
Receptor antagonists
58
Are receptor antagonists stimulatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
59
What do receptor antagonists bind to?
Neurotransmitter receptors. They block the neurotransmitters from activating receptors.
60
Drugs: Parasympathomimetic
Mimics ACh. Cholinergic. Muscarinic agonist.
61
Drugs: Parasympatholytic
Blocks ACh. Anticholinergic. Muscarinic antagonist
62
Drugs: Sympathomimetic
Mimics NE. Adrenergic. Adrenergic agonist
63
Drugs: Sympatholytic
Blocks NE. Antiadrenergic. Adrenergic antagonist.
64
True or False: the visceral sensory system is part of the ANS
False
65
What does the visceral sensory system do?
Gives sensory input to the ANS Monitor temp, pain, irritation, stretch in visceral organs.
66
Which nerves of the ANS carry most pain fibers for visceral organs of the body trunk?
sympathetic
67
How is visceral pain induced?
Stretching, infection, and cramping of internal organs
68
What neurons participate in visceral reflex arcs?
Visceral sensory neurons and autonomic neurons
69
Can our enteric system function without sympathetic and parasympathetic involvement?
Yes, contains enteric plexus. Sensory neurons send signals here when stretch is detected, and then motor responses are sent to the smooth muscle of the gut wall and the muscle contracts.
70
Brain: What is the main limbic region for emotions that stimulates sympathetic activity?
Amygdala
71
Brain: What is the main integration center (regulation center of ANS)?
Hypothalamus
72
What part of the brain has the most direct influence over autonomic function?
Reticular formation

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