5/30/25 Endocrine Hormones Definitions

Question 1

What occurs when two hormones have the same effect on the same tissue and their combined effects are amplified? (example would be E and NE have an additive effect on HR)

Answer 1

Synergistic Effect

Question 2

What occurs when one hormone must be present in order for another hormone to exert its full effect? (thyroid hormone must be present for reproductive hormones to promote timely development of the reproductive system)

Answer 2

Permissive effect

Question 3

What occurs when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone? (example PTH increases blood calcium, calcitonin decreases blood calcium)

Answer 3

Antagonistic effect

Question 4

What are most hormones made of?

Answer 4

Amino acids

Question 5

What are steroid based hormones made from?

Answer 5

Cholesterol

Question 6

What hormone type is lipid soluble?

Answer 6

Steroid based hormones

Question 7

What types of hormones are steroid hormones?

Answer 7

Gonadal (androgens like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone) and Adrenocortical (cortisol and aldosterone)

Question 8

What hormone type is water soluble?

Answer 8

amino acid hormones (besides thyroid hormones)

Question 9

What is the overall function of water soluble hormones (Amino acid based)?

Answer 9

They bind to a receptor that is coupled to a regulatory protein on the plasma membrane. This activates a secondary messenger to initiate a cell response (quick)

Question 10

What is the overall function of lipid-soluble hormones?

Answer 10

Bind to intracellular receptors and alter transcription or translation to mediate cell response (slow)

Question 11

Difference between neurotransmitters and hormones

Answer 11

Neurotransmitters do not travel in the bloodstream, but hormones do.

Question 12

What local chemical messenger exerts effects on the same cells that secrete them?

Answer 12

Autocrine messengers

Question 13

What local chemical messenger exerts their effects on nearby cells other than themselves?

Answer 13

Paracrine messengers

Question 14

What glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Answer 14

Endocrine glands

Question 15

What glands produce non hormonal substances and release through a duct to a membrane surface?

Answer 15

Exocrine glands

Question 16

Describe negative feedback loops

Answer 16

The response to a stimulus is to oppose or reduce the change that triggered it, thus bringing the variable back towards the set point

Question 17

Describe positive feedback loops?

Answer 17

The response amplifies or strengthens the initial stimulus, pushing the variable further away from the set point

Question 18

What is a primary disorder?

Answer 18

an excess or deficiency of secretion by the target gland

Question 19

What is a secondary disorder?

Answer 19

An excess or deficiency of secretion by the pituitary gland

Question 20

What is a tertiary disorder?

Answer 20

An excess or deficiency of secretion by the hypothalamus

Question 21

Hypothyroidism

Answer 21

Low T3 and T4, high TSH

Question 22

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

High T3 and T4, low TSH

Question 23

Primary hypothyroidism

Answer 23

High levels of thyroid hormone secondary to the dysfunction of the thyroid gland

Question 24

Secondary hypothyroidism

Answer 24

Low levels of thyroid hormone secondary to dysfunction of the pituitary

Question 25

What glands are endocrine glands?

Answer 25

Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pineal Thymus

Question 26

What glands are neuroendocrine glands?

Answer 26

Hypothalamus and adrenal (medulla)

Question 27

What glands have endocrine and exocrine function?

Answer 27

Pancreas and gonads

Question 28

What brain structure is located above the pituitary gland and acts as a control center for maintaining homeostasis?

Answer 28

Hypothalamus

Question 29

What gland in the middle of the brain regulates circadian rhythm by secreting melatonin?

Answer 29

Pineal gland

Question 30

What pea size gland is located at the base of the hypothalamus?

Answer 30

Pituitary gland

Question 31

Which side of the pituitary is more vascular? The majority of hormones are also released here.

Answer 31

Anterior pituitary Hypophyseal portal system is the vascular network

Question 32

Which side of the pituitary has more neuron involvement from the CNS?

Answer 32

Posterior pituitary

Question 33

What is another name for the anterior pituitary?

Answer 33

Adenohyophysis

Question 34

What is another name for the posterior pituitary?

Answer 34

Neurohypophysis

Question 35

Where are neurohormones made?

Answer 35

In the hypothalamus

Question 36

What stimulates neurohormone release from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 36

Neuronal projections that originate in the hypothalamus

Question 37

Where is the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 37

On the posterior side of the thyroid gland

Question 38

Where is the thyroid located?

Answer 38

In the neck below the cricoid cartilage

Question 39

What gland is both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ?

Answer 39

Thymus

Question 40

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 40

Located on the top of each kidney

Question 41

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 41

Behind the stomach

Question 42

What are the male gonads? What do they do?

Answer 42

Testes. Produce sperm and testosterone

Question 43

What are the female gonads? What do they do?

Answer 43

Ovaries. Produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone

Question 44

What are the tropic hormones?

Answer 44

FSH LH ACTH TSH GH (tropic and non-tropic)

Question 45

What are the non-tropic hormones?

Answer 45

ADH Oxytocin Prolactin GH (tropic and non-tropic)

Question 46

What do mineralocorticoids like aldosterone do?

Answer 46

Increase sodium reabsorption at DCT, but secretion of K

Question 47

What do glucocorticoids like cortisol do?

Answer 47

Glucose metabolism, suppress inflammation, influence the immune system