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PA 550 > Exam 2 EKG > Flashcards

Exam 2 EKG Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is an EKG?

A

Recording of the heart’s electrical activity

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2
Q

What is an EKG useful for evaulating?

A

1 procedure for evaluating chest pain, dizziness, syncope

Arrhythmias, MI, pericarditis, chamber enlargement, electrolyte or metabolic imbalances, drug side effects, pacemaker function.

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3
Q

What is the X axis of an eEKG?

A

Time (mm/sec)

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4
Q

What is the Y axis of an EKG?

A

Voltage (mV)

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5
Q

How much time is a small box on an EKG?

A

0.04 sec

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6
Q

How much time is a big box on an EKG?

A

0.20 sec

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7
Q

What causes depolarization of cardiac myocytes (phase 1)?

A

Influx of sodium

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8
Q

What causes the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential (phase 2)?

A

Opening of slow calcium channels, closure of sodium channels

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9
Q

What causes the repolarization of cardiac myocytes (phase 3)?

A

Efflux of potassium, closure of calcium channels

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10
Q

What is the heart’s resting membrane potential?

A

-90 mV

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11
Q

At what membrane potential is an action potential generated?

A

-70 mV

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12
Q

What is the dominant pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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13
Q

What creates an SA node action potential?

A

Calcium influx

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14
Q

What causes the SA node to repolarize?

A

Potassium leaving the cell

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15
Q

What is the resting potential of the SA node?

A

-60 mV

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16
Q

The interior of resting myocytes are ______.

A

Negative

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17
Q

When myocytes are depolarized, their interiors become _____, and the cells ______.

A

Positive, contract

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18
Q

How many electrodes are in a standard 12 lead EKG?

A

10

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19
Q

How many limb leads are in a 12 lead EKG?

A

6
3 bipolar (I, II, III)
3 augmented (aVR, aVL, aVF)

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20
Q

How many chest leads are in a 12 lead EKG?

A

6 (V1-V6)

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21
Q

What leads make up the horizontal plane?

A

V1-V6

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22
Q

What leads make up the frontal plane?

A

Limb Leads (I, II, III)

Augmented unipolar leads (aVR, aVL, aVF)

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23
Q

True or false: Augmented leads use the same electrodes as the bipolar limb leads.

A

True

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24
Q

What limb lead gives the best visualization of the heart’s electrical activity?

A

II

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25
What happens when a wave of depolarization goes towards a positive electrode?
Positive, upward deflection
26
What happens when a wave of depolarization goes away from a positive electrode?
Negative, downward deflection
27
What happens when repolarization goes towards a positive electrode?
Negative, downward deflection
28
What happens when repolarization goes away from a positive electrode?
Positive, upward deflection
29
SA node BPM
60-100
30
AV node BPM
40-60
31
Bundle of His BPM
20-40
32
What does it mean that the heart has automaticity?
Spontaneously depolarizes
33
What happens at the P wave?
Atria depolarization
34
What is the pause after the P wave?
The ventricles are filling (blood flowing from atria to ventricles across AV valves)
35
What is the first negative EKG deflection of QRSvcalled?
Q
36
What is the first positive EKG deflection of QRS called?
R
37
What is the second negative EKG deflection of QRS called?
S
38
What is the QRS complex representative of?
Ventricular depolarization
39
What part of the cardiac action potential does the ST segment represent?
Phase 2 (plateau phase)
40
What is the T wave representative of?
Ventricular repolarization
41
42
What is the period during which it is impossible to initiate a new action potential no matter how large the stimulus?
Absolute refractory period
43
What is the period during which voltage gated K channels are open and only a strong stimulus will cause a new depolarization?
Relative refractory period (T wave)
44
What does the QT interval represent?
The total ventricular activity (time from depol to repol)
45
Why is the QT interval clinically important?
Much of it is repolarization. People with long intervals are at high risk for deadly ventricular arrhythmias
46
What is regular rhythm?
Equal distance between R waves
47
What is irregular rhythm?
Varying distance between R waves
48
What is a regularly irregular rhythm?
R waves still have a pattern, but the pattern is abnormal
49
What is irregularly irregular rhythm?
R waves with no pattern at all...random
50
What are the 2 best methods used for regular rate?
300,150,100,75,60,50,43 method (best for fast rhythm) 1500 method Can also 6 second rhythm strip but less accurate
51
What is the method used for irregular rate?
6 second rhythm strip
52
Bradycardia BPM
<60 BPM
53
Tachycardia BPM
>100 BPM
54
Normal BPM
60-100 BPM
55
What do arrhythmias refer to?
Any disturbance in rate, regularity, site of origin, or conduction of the cardiac electrical impulse
56
Are arrhythmias always dangerous?
No, sinus brady can be normal in athletes. Also PAC and PVC
57
What are some symptoms of arrhythmias?
Palpitations Syncope CHF Angina/dyspnea Sudden cardiac death
58
What are the 4 types of arrhythmias?
Irregular rhythm Escape rhythm/beats Premature Beats Tachy-arrhythmias
59
What are the 3 kinds of irregular rhythms?
Wandering pacemaker Multifocal atrial pacemaker Atrial Fibrillation
60
What are the 3 kinds of escape rhythms?
Atrial escape rhythm Junctional Escape Rhythm Ventricular Escape Rhythm
61
What are the 3 kinds of escape beats?
Atrial escape beat Junctional escape beat Ventricle escape beat
62
What is sinus block?
Failed propagation of the electricity beyond the SA node
63
What is sinus pause/arrest?
SA node doesn’t fire

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