5 Bones And Cartilage

Question 1

Five types of connective tissue?

Answer 1

Bone, blood, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue

Question 2

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 2

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

Question 3

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

Answer 3

Hyaline

Question 4

Where is hyaline cartilage not found?

Answer 4

Ears, epiglottis, intervertebral disks, meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis.

Question 5

What does hyaline cartilage do?

Answer 5

Provides support through flexibility and resiliance

Question 6

What is the function of fibre cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 6

Shock absorption

Found in intervertebral disks, knee meniscus, and pubic symphysis

Question 7

What is fibrocartilage made of?

Answer 7

Thick collagen fibers

Question 8

What is the function of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 8

Provides great flexibility. Found only in ears and epiglottis

Question 9

What is elastic cartilage made of?

Answer 9

Highly branched elastic fibers

Question 10

Where does cartilage get its flexibility and resilience?

Answer 10

From water and elastic fibers

Question 11

How does cartilage get nutrients?

Answer 11

Diffusion. It is avascular.

Question 12

What are the functions of cartilage?

Answer 12

Support soft tissues. Provide articulate surfaces in joints. Provides a model for endochondral bone formation.

Question 13

What is the perichondrium?

Answer 13

Membrane which surrounds cartilaginous formations

Question 14

What is the perichondrium made of?

Answer 14

Dense connective tissue

Question 15

What is the purpose of the perichondrium?

Answer 15

Provides mechanical support and protection for cartilage

Question 16

Where are chondrocytes found?

Answer 16

The lacunae of of cartilage

Question 17

Where are condroblasts found and what do they do?

Answer 17

Under pericondrium and produce matrix of cartilage.

Question 18

What is bone made of?

Answer 18

Extra cellular matrix calcified by calcium phosphate.

Question 19

What are the different bone classifications?

Answer 19

Long, short, flat, irregular

Question 20

What are long bones?

Answer 20

Longer than they are thick e.g. Appendicular bones: humerus radius ulna metacarpals phalanges femur tibia fibula metatarsals

Question 21

What are short bones and what are three examples?

Answer 21

Wider than they are long. Examples: carpals, tarpans, sesamoid bones

Question 22

What are flat bones and some examples

Answer 22

Bones that are flat e.g. Skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

Question 23

What bones are irregular?

Answer 23

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxs, ethmoid, sphenoid

Question 24

What is another name for compact born?

Answer 24

Cortical bone

Question 25

What are other names for spongy bone?

Answer 25

Trabecular bone or cancellous bone

Question 26

What is the basic unit of cortical bone?

Answer 26

An osteon, or the Haversian system

Question 27

What are the canals that run the length of the osteon called?

Answer 27

The central canal or Haversian canal

Question 28

What are concentric lamellar?

Answer 28

The concentric rings of osseous tissue that surround the osteon

Question 29

What structures area embedded in the concentric lamellae and what is contained in them?

Answer 29

Lacuna and each lacuna contains an osteocytes.

Question 30

What structure perforates the osteon perpendicularly to its axis?

Answer 30

Perforating canals or Volkmann's canals

Question 31

What structures allow the osteocytes to receive nutrient from the central canal?

Answer 31

Canaliculi, arms of the osteocytes which connect neighboring lacuna

Question 32

What is the functional unit of trabecular, cancellous, or spongy bone?

Answer 32

Trabeculae

Question 33

What is the name of the structure homologous to concentric lamellae in trabeculae?

Answer 33

Parallel lamellae

Question 34

What is the end of a long bone called?

Answer 34

Epiphysis

Question 35

What is the middle called?

Answer 35

Diaphysis

Question 36

What is the area that includes the epiphyseal plate/line

Answer 36

Metaphysis

Question 37

What is the covering on a bone called?

Answer 37

Periosteum

Question 38

What connects the periosteum to the bone?

Answer 38

Perforating fibers

Question 39

What is the central cavity of bone called?

Answer 39

The medullary cavity

Question 40

What is the one cell thick covering on the trabeculae in the medullary cavity?

Answer 40

Endosteum

Question 41

What does an osteoclast do?

Answer 41

Consume bone with hydrochloric acid and lysosomes. As a result, increase blood calcium levels.

Question 42

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 42

Intramembranous and endochondral

Question 43

What is Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 43

Bone growth within a membrane

Question 44

What bones are formed via Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 44

Flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, and clavicle.

Question 45

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 45

Bone growth within cartilage where fetal framework of hyalin cartilage is turned into bone.

Question 46

What bones are formed via endochondral ossification?

Answer 46

Everything except the head bones and clavicle.

Question 47

Where does primary bone growth begin in endochondral ossification? What about secondary?

Answer 47

Primary in diaphysis. Secondary in epiphysis.

Question 48

What are the two dimensions of bone growth?

Answer 48

Interstitial (length) | Appositional (thickness)

Question 49

What is osteomalacia and what is its other name?

Answer 49

It is a vitamin D deficiency that leads to a dearth of calcium in bones and a resultant softening. Also called Ricket's disease.

Question 50

What is osteoporosis

Answer 50

Excessive osteoclast activity.

Question 51

What is osteitis deformans and what is its other name?

Answer 51

Excessive osteoclast/osteoblast activity which causes abnormal thickening and thinning of bone. Also called paget's disease. Common in os coxa, skull, vertebrae, femur, and tibia