5- Declarative Long-Term Memory

Question 1

What does declarative memory need?

Answer 1

Conscious effort

Question 2

How did Lashley investigate brain areas storing D-LTM?

Answer 2

Lesion study of rats in a maze

Question 3

What was done to the rats in Lashley’s study?

Answer 3

Trained to run through a maze

Question 4

What did lesions to rats create (Lashley)?

Answer 4

Mistakes

Question 5

What was the volume of the lesion correlated with (Lashley)?

Answer 5

Performance loss

Question 6

What were mistakes dependent on, and what were they not? (Lashley)

Answer 6

How large the lesion was, not where the lesion was

Question 7

What did Lashley’s study show?

Answer 7

Brain areas are equipotential (having the same potential) in storing memory

Question 8

How were humans studied for investigating areas involved in D-LTM?

Answer 8

Follow up in patients after surgery (different amounts of brain areas removed)

Question 9

What was a poor surgery outcome determined by instead of what?

Answer 9

Majorly predicted by seizure recurrence and contralateral abnormalities rather than size or side of surgery

Question 10

How did human studies contradict Lashley’s principle?

Answer 10

Shows it is to do with connectivity and functionality, not amount of brain we have

Question 11

What does maze running involve?

Answer 11

Sensory memory of many senses that all contribute to performance

Question 12

What were Lashley’s 3 conclusions?

Answer 12

Memory is-
1. Widely distributed
2. Not unitary and different types rely on different brain structures
3. Likely stored in brain areas involved in original sensory processing

Question 13

What brain area does visual memory contain?

Answer 13

Higher visual cortex

Question 14

What 2 pathways are involved in visual memory?

Answer 14

‘Where’ and ‘what’ pathways

Question 15

What brain area involves the ‘where’ pathway?

Answer 15

Intraparietal sulcus

Question 16

What brain area involves the ‘what’ pathway?

Answer 16

Inferior temporal cortex

Question 17

What was found in inferior temporal cortexes of visual memory in monkeys?

Answer 17

Different neurons in this area associated with different faces

Question 18

When do certain neurons spike more frequently in monkey visual memories?

Answer 18

For repeated presentations of certain faces- neurons can be tuned to a certain face

Question 19

What are inferior temporal cortex neuron spiking a correlate of?

Answer 19

Visual memory trace

Question 20

What brain area stores visual memory?

Answer 20

Inferior temporal cortex

Question 21

What do fMRIs of expertise in recognition show in humans?

Answer 21

Experts in specific recognition show stronger activity in IT in response to expertise

Question 22

What part of the hippocampus is particularly associated with spatial memory?

Answer 22

Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 23

When was spatial memory investigated in mice?

Answer 23

In the radial arm maze and Morris’ water maze

Question 24

Why is the water maze task showing spatial + episodic memory?

Answer 24

The mouse must remember location and event

Question 25

What prevents performance in Morris' water maze?

Answer 25

Hippocampal lesion

Question 26

What is shown by Morris' water maze?

Answer 26

Experience-based spatial memory relies on the hippocampus

Question 27

What are place cells?

Answer 27

Hippocampal neurons that spike when in a location that has been previously explored

Question 28

What are grid cells?

Answer 28

Spatial correspondence between place cells

Question 29

How do London taxi drivers demonstrate the role of the hippocampus in human spatial memory?

Answer 29

Larger posterior part of hippocampus- volumetric hippocampus changes correlate with time spent driving taxi

Question 30

What did studying brains of London taxi drivers show?

Answer 30

Hippocampus is involved in spatial memory- place cells are encoded and retrieved in the Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 31

What is episodic memory?

Answer 31

Memory for events and their context

Question 32

How was the hippocampus shown to be involved in episodic memory?

Answer 32

Stronger hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus activity was shown when context of studied material is recollected correctly

Question 33

What type of amnesia did HM have and what did this mean?

Answer 33

Anterograde amnesia- he was unable to store any new episodic memories and hardly any new semantic long-term memories

Question 34

What parts of HM's memory were intact?

Answer 34

His procedural memory and STM

Question 35

What did research on HM show?

Answer 35

The hippocampus is involved in acquiring rather than storing memory

Question 36

Lesions to which part of the brain cause Korsakoff's syndrome?

Answer 36

The thalamus

Question 37

3 potential causes of Korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 37

1. Thiamin deficiency from alcohol abuse 2. Anorexia/overly-stringent dieting 3. Physical health- AIDS, kidney dialysis, chronic infection

Question 38

How does Korsakoff's syndrome show us that the thalamus is involved in memory?

Answer 38

There is anterograde and retrograde amnesia seen in the disorder

Question 39

What is intact in Korsakoff's syndrome?

Answer 39

Procedural memory

Question 40

What are concept cells?

Answer 40

Clusters of neurons working together to encode a concept

Question 41

How are memory entries stored in concept cells?

Answer 41

By a single neuron

Question 42

How do certain neurons fire in the hippocampus that means concept cells are useful?

Answer 42

Exclusively + invariantly in response to a stimulus

Question 43

What are super-concepts?

Answer 43

Association between one type of stimulus and another/more conceptually similar means associations between response

Question 44

What is an example of a super concept?

Answer 44

'Jennifer Aniston neuron' also responds to Lisa Kudrow- recognises Friends concept

Question 45

What is vulnerability like in concept cells?

Answer 45

Loss of this cell does not cause loss of concept

Question 46

How is complexity of concept cells shown?

Answer 46

Diverse aspects of memory cannot be coded for by a single cell alone

Question 47

How are memory entries stored in distributed representation?

Answer 47

By distributed networks of many neurons

Question 48

What is sparse distributed coding?

Answer 48

Modelling our brain using biologically inspired artificial neural networks

Question 49

What is created by sparse distributed coding?

Answer 49

Invariant response of concept neurons and multimodal recognition

Question 50

What is shown by sparse distributed coding?

Answer 50

Memories are coded by relatively sparsely distributed neuronal networks/assemblies

Question 51

How are memories stored in distributed networks set up?

Answer 51

By simultaneous activation during learning

Question 52

What can be the effect of assembly partial activation?

Answer 52

Reactivating the whole assembly

Question 53

Where are semantic memories stored?

Answer 53

The inferior temporal and parietal cortex

Question 54

Where are episodic memories stored?

Answer 54

The hippocampus and the thalamus

Question 55

How is declarative LTM stored and how is this strengthened?

Answer 55

In sparsely distributed representations and strengthened through Hebbian modification