(5) Family

Question 1

What are characteristics of a well-functioning family?

Answer 1

• Are flexible
• Have permeable boundaries
• Allow satisfying relationships insides and out of the family
• Are consistent but flexible with children

Question 2

What are characteristics of a negatively functioning family?

Answer 2

• Are rigid or too permeable
• Members have difficulty disengaging from family
• Have few community attachments (e.g. friends)
• More likely to perceive children negatively
• Are punitive and inconsistent with children

Question 3

What is Parents’ socialisation of children?

Answer 3

begins at birth, is conscious and systematic, reinforces positive behaviour and imposes rules

Question 4

When does Socialisation become more intense?

Answer 4

with the child’s greater mobility, with the acquisition of formal language

Question 5

How do parents promote their childs social development?

Answer 5

• Choose the neighbourhood and home where they live
• Decorate the home and the child’s room in certain ways (e.g. gendered)
• Expose the child to certain contents and activities (e.g. TV, games, religious ceremonies)

Question 6

Parenting patterns and styles tend to reflect two primary dimensions of behaviour, which are…

Answer 6

emotion and control

Question 7

Which two ways may a parent respond to their child?

Answer 7

Parents may be warm, responsive and child centred, or rejecting, unresponsive and uninvolved

Question 8

What happens with child-parent interactions as children get older?

Answer 8

As children get older and more autonomous they will become more active in regulating interactions with parents

Question 9

What are examples of Barber, 2002 types of control?

Answer 9

• Behavioural Control
• Setting reasonable rules
• Parental use of suggestions, reasoning and options
• Involves monitoring the child’s activities
• Moderate control leads to more cooperative children and higher internalising of parental rules

Question 10

What does psychological control involve?

Answer 10

• Involves induction of guilt, shame and other emotion directed tactics
• Includes ignoring of discounting the child’s feelings

Question 11

What can psychological control lead to?

Answer 11

Often leads to lower self-esteem, higher anxiety and depression in children

Question 12

What is authoritive parenting?

Answer 12

Parenting that is warm, responsive and involved yet uninstructive and in which parents set reasonable limits and expect appropriate, mature behaviour from their children (energetic friendly child)

Question 13

What is Authoritarian parenting?

Answer 13

Parenting that is harsh, unresponsive and rigid and in which parents tend to use power-assertive methods of control (conflicted-irritable child)

Question 14

What is permissive parenting?

Answer 14

Parenting that is lax and in which parents exercise inconsistent discipline and encourage children to express their impulses freely (impulsive-aggressive child)

Question 15

What is uninvolved parenting?

Answer 15

Parenting that is indifferent and neglectful and in which parents focus on their own needs, rather than on the children’s needs. Also known as neglecting-rejecting parenting (neglected child)

Question 16

How is parenting styles criticised?

Answer 16

Unclear paths between parenting styles and children’s behaviour, it neglects the influence of child’s temperament and behaviours

Question 17

What other factors can affect children’s behaviour?

Answer 17

• The physical and social environment can influence the child’s behaviour outcome
• e.g., an authoritative style may promote social and academic competence in children living in low-risk environments but not in other settings

Question 18

What did Furstenberg et al., 1999; Parke et al., 2008 find?

Answer 18

Authoritarian strategies seem to produce better adjusted poor minority children who live in dangerous areas

Question 19

What did Rudy & Grusec, 2006 find about authoritarian parenting?

Answer 19

Research has found no links between authoritarian parenting and negative feeling about the child or lack of warmth in Middle Eastern families living in Canada

Question 20

What parenting styles do Chinese parents tend to show?

Answer 20

Chinese parents tend to score high in authoritarian parenting due to differences in concept and style of parenting (Chao, 1994, 2001)

Question 21

What is chiao shun (training) and guan (to govern)?

Answer 21

a high degree of involvement with the child, physical closeness to child, devotion

Question 22

Partners who are mutually supportive are involved with their children in what way?

Answer 22

Mutually supportive partners are more likely to be involved with their children in an affectionate, sensitive and effective way

Question 23

Parental conflict can effect children in what way?

Answer 23

Conflict between partners can have a negative impact on parents and children

Question 24

How can parental disagreements effect children?

Answer 24

Parental disagreements handled in hostile/aggressive ways leads children to act aggressively

Question 25

How does fathers who deal with marital conflicts effect children?

Answer 25

Children whose fathers deal with marital conflicts in an angry and withdrawn way are more likely to get depressed

Question 26

What gender differences occur in families?

Answer 26

- Boys are more affected by family disharmony than girls | - Boys also more likely to be exposed to parental arguments

Question 27

How can temperamentally difficult children effect families?

Answer 27

- Children can also impact parental relationships is they are temperamentally difficult - However, the birth of a temperamental child rarely destroys a good relationship

Question 28

Poorer families are likely to be subject to...

Answer 28

- Lower quality home environment - Parents suffering from physical and emotional problems - Higher parent-child conflict - Living in higher risk neighbourhoods

Question 29

What are modern families like now?

Answer 29

- Family size is decreasing - ‘New’ types of families, including same sex parents - Divorce and remarriage modifies lives and the development of adults and children - Parental roles are also changing - Increase numbers of working mothers

Question 30

Can divorce have positive impacts on children?

Answer 30

Divorce can be positive solution to destructive family but may cause tensions and distress

Question 31

How can the first two years of a divorce effect children?

Answer 31

- First year worsening of parental distress and less attention given to children - Second year sees considerable improvements

Question 32

How to boys and girls respond differently to step parents?

Answer 32

- Boys benefit from a close relationship with a stepfather | - Girl may experience a stepfather as an intruder between them and their mothers

Question 33

Can young parents effect children?

Answer 33

- These tend to face many challenges | - This has an impact on the child’s development

Question 34

What positives are there to having older parents?

Answer 34

Fathers can be more flexible at work and take more responsibility for childcare

Question 35

Can how a child is conceived effect them?

Answer 35

No differences between children conceived via traditional and other ways

Question 36

How can same sex parenting effect children?

Answer 36

Children raised by same sex parents are resilient with regard to their social, psychological and sexual health The quality of daily interaction and the strength of parents’ relationship more important than their gender

Question 37

How are sibling relationships important?

Answer 37

These interactions are formative and fertile learning grounds for positive and negative behaviours

Question 38

How might a parents prepare a child for a new sibling?

Answer 38

- Maintaining maternal responsiveness | - Child developing a relationship with the father

Question 39

How can friendships be beneficial for a child expecting a new sibling?

Answer 39

- Children with good friendships are less upset about having a new sibling - They are also more accepting and behave more positively towards the new sibling

Question 40

What attributes do first born children show?

Answer 40

- Adult-oriented - Helpful - Self-controlled - They also tend to excel more academically and in their jobs - Be more conservative - Be more fearful and anxious - Experience more guilt - Have more difficulty in coping alone with stressful situations - Have less self-confidence

Question 41

What types of attributes do only children show?

Answer 41

- personal control - maturity - leadership - high achiever