(2) Prenatal Development

Question 1

What is a fertilized egg called?

Answer 1

zygote

Question 2

What happens in the Zygote or Germinal Stage?

Answer 2

Conception to implantation

Question 3

When does the Zygote or Germinal stage occur?

Answer 3

0-2 weeks

Question 4

What is a Amniotic sac?

Answer 4

fluid-filled membrane protecting embryo

Question 5

What is a Placenta?

Answer 5

Disc-like structure connecting embryo to uterus

Question 6

What is an Umbilical cord?

Answer 6

tube connecting embryo to placenta: provide oxygen and nutrients, removes carbon dioxide and waste

Question 7

When does an embryo develop?

Answer 7

3-8 weeks

Question 8

At what stage is miscarriage highest?

Answer 8

Embryo stage

Question 9

What develops when a foetus grows?

Answer 9

Functional development, Brain development, Responds to stimulation

Question 10

What happens in the 12th week of pregnancy?

Answer 10

Can tell sex of child, child develops reflexes

Question 11

What happens between weeks 17-20 weeks of pregnancy?

Answer 11

Mother can feel child move

Question 12

What happens if a child is born 22-26 weeks into pregnancy?

Answer 12

viability – if it is born it has a chance of survival

Question 13

What is Teratogen?

Answer 13

an environmental agent that causes prenatal damage

Question 14

What happens to an unborn child who is exposed to teratogen?

Answer 14

Effects during critical/sensitive periods, effects are specific, longer exposure is worse, some have no effect on mother, maternal/foetal genes may counteract effect

Question 15

What is Thalidomide?

Answer 15

drug for morning sickness (1957-61), caused structural abnormalities in limbs and faces

Question 16

What is DES?

Answer 16

hormone to prevent miscarriage (1947-64), linked to reproductive problems and cancers in offspring

Question 17

What can occur if caffeine is consumed during pregnancy?

Answer 17

miscarriage, low birth weight (LBW), avoid > 200mg

Question 18

What can occur if tabacco is consumed during pregnancy?

Answer 18

chemicals in smoke -> miscarriage and prematurity

Question 19

What does nicotine effect?

Answer 19

Nicotine affects placenta -> poor nutrition -> LBW

Question 20

How can Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) affect an infant?

Answer 20

Stunted growth, physical defects, often mental retardation

Question 21

When is FAS most lethal?

Answer 21

Last trimester worst – brain is developing the most

Question 22

How many infants are affected by FAS in the UK?

Answer 22

1-5% affected in UK

Question 23

What are examples of radiation?

Answer 23

Radiation (atomic bomb, nuclear reactor meltdowns, ordinary X-rays)

Question 24

What affects can radiation have?

Answer 24

Miscarriage, stunted growth, physical defects, cancer

Question 25

What are examples of pollution?

Answer 25

Pollution (lead, mercury, PCBs)

Question 26

What affects can pollution have?

Answer 26

Prematurity, LBW, cognitive delays

Question 27

What is Toxoplasmosis?

Answer 27

parasitic infection in cats and raw meat leads to brain and eye damage to child

Question 28

What effects can HIV/AIDS have?

Answer 28

mortality, small head, physical and mental defects

Question 29

What is Rubella?

Answer 29

virus damages eyes, ears, heart; causes mental retardation

Question 30

What is CMV?

Answer 30

virus with mild (or no) flu-like symptoms

Question 31

What is herpes?

Answer 31

sexually transmitted virus, damages eye, brain, motor system

Question 32

What is the zika virus?

Answer 32

Mosquito-borne infection, identified in Uganda (1947)

Question 33

How can the zika virus effect a mother?

Answer 33

Mild fever

Question 34

What is the zika virus linked to in infants?

Answer 34

infant microcephaly (small brain)

Question 35

How does the zika virus effect infants?

Answer 35

Infect foetal brain tissue, lifelong sensory, motor and cognitive disability

Question 36

What are the risks of pregnancy in older women?

Answer 36

Miscarriage and chromosomal damage risks increase with age

Question 37

What is Toxemia/Pre-eclampsia?

Answer 37

pregnancy-caused high blood pressure -> restricted growth, preterm birth, stillbirth

Question 38

What affects can (Gestational) Diabetes have on infants?

Answer 38

high birth weight, preterm birth, temporary breathing problems

Question 39

What does APGAR stand for?

Answer 39

activity, pule, grimace, appearance and respiration

Question 40

What does a 0-3 APGAR score suggest?

Answer 40

severely depressed

Question 41

What does a 4-6 APGAR score suggest?

Answer 41

moderately depressed

Question 42

What does a 7-10 APGAR score suggest?

Answer 42

excellent condition

Question 43

How many weeks does an infant have to be to be considered preterm?

Answer 43

Less than 36 weeks, less than 32 is very preterm, extremely is less than 26

Question 44

What is the average weight of a preterm infant?

Answer 44

2.3kg

Question 45

What are the risks to preterm babies?

Answer 45

Risk of cognitive delay, inadequate surfactant (liquid in lungs that sends oxygen into blood), May cause respiratory distress syndrome

Question 46

What is a normal birth weight?

Answer 46

3.5kg

Question 47

When do infants of LBW typically catch up?

Answer 47

4 years

Question 48

What are long term effects of LBW?

Answer 48

cognitive and motor issues

Question 49

What did Thoman et al (1995) investigate?

Answer 49

The Breathing Bear with Preterm Infants experiment

Question 50

What did Field (1990) investigate?

Answer 50

Massage Stimulates Growth in Preterm Infant, Treated infants gained more weight per day and were discharged from hospital several days earlier than control infants

Question 51

Why might preterm babies get less attention?

Answer 51

- Physical appearance - High-pitched cry - Feed difficulties - Lower responsiveness - Hospital or home-based interventions aim to improve parent-infant interaction