5, Foundations: History

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

study of behavior and mind

Question 2

behavior

Answer 2

observable actions of a person or animal

Question 3

mind

Answer 3

sensations, memories, motives, emotions, thoughts, other subjective things regarding an individual that are not readily observed

Question 4

brain

Answer 4

command center of central nervous system

Question 5

René Descartes

Answer 5

early modern philosopher who endorsed dualism in humans. He believed that all things operated like machines except for people, who have individuality

Question 6

dualism

Answer 6

dividing the world into two parts - the body and the spirit

Question 7

John Locke

Answer 7

extended Descartes’s application of natural laws to everything, even the mind is under the control of them.

Question 8

empiricism

Answer 8

acquisition of truth through observation and experience

Question 9

tabula rasa

Answer 9

Latin for blank slate; humans are born knowing nothing; Locke’s theory

Question 10

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 10

philosopher who believed that the idea of the soul, spirit, or mind are useless

Question 11

materialism

Answer 11

only things that exist are matter and energy

Question 12

Charles Darwin

Answer 12

philosopher who proposed the theory of natural selection and evolution

Question 13

evolutionary theory

Answer 13

a way to explain the roots of human behavior using the theory of evolution

Question 14

natural selection

Answer 14

one animal bigger and better than other animal so other animal dies and big animal passes on genes instead, thus animals get better and better

Question 15

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 15

German psychologist, said to be the founder of the science of psychology. opened a laboratory to study consciousness in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

Question 16

structuralism

Answer 16

looks for patterns in thought, illuminated through interviews with a subject who describes their conscious experience.

Question 17

Edward Titchener

Answer 17

student in Wundt’s laboratory and one of the first to bring psychology to the USA

Question 18

introspection

Answer 18

the interview process of structuralism. looking for patterns in thought, illuminated through interviews with a subject who describes their conscious experience.

Question 19

William James

Answer 19

American psychologist who opposed structuralism. what is important is the function of the mind. started functionalism as such

Question 20

functionalism

Answer 20

understand how the mind fulfills its purpose

Question 21

Dorothea Dix

Answer 21

advocate for rights of mentally ill poor people, important in the founding of the first public mental hospital in the USA

Question 22

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 22

first female graduate student in psychology, denied PhD because of her gender

Question 23

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 23

first female PhD in psychology and second female president of the APA

Question 24

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 24

first president of the APA

Question 25

humanistic approach

Answer 25

studying roles of consciousness, free will, and awareness of the human condition.

Question 26

Abraham Maslow

Answer 26

humanist, proposed idea of self-actualization

Question 27

self-actualization

Answer 27

need for a person to reach their full potential in a creative way

Question 28

Carl Rogers

Answer 28

humanist, stressed role of unconditional positive regard in interactions and a need for positive self-concept as critical for in attaining self-actualization

Question 29

unconditional positive regard

Answer 29

self-explanatory

Question 30

psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approach

Answer 30

focuses on resolution of unconscious conflicts using recovery of repressed memories and information

Question 31

Sigmund Freud

Answer 31

developed psychoanalytic school of psych. concerned with individuals and their mental problems. distinction between conscious and unconscious mind

Question 32

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 32

- concerned with peoples' mental problems - distinction between conscious and unconscious mind - personality strongly influenced by childhood and relationship with parents - resolve unconscious conflict through recovery of repressed information

Question 33

conscious mind

Answer 33

mental state of awareness that we have ready access to

Question 34

unconscious mind

Answer 34

mental processes that are not normally accessible but still influence thoughts, feelings, behaviors

Question 35

repressed

Answer 35

buried in the unconscious

Question 36

sociocultural approach

Answer 36

- environment in which a person lives influences their behavior and others' perception of that behavior greatly - cultural values vary between societies, and this must be taken into account if one is to understand behavior

Question 37

evolutionary approach

Answer 37

behavior is explained by its usefulness in our survival; fear keeps us alive, thus we act with it when needed

Question 38

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 38

one must investigate biological, psychological, and social factors when studying behavior

Question 39

domain

Answer 39

broad area of psychological research

Question 40

biological psychology

Answer 40

- seeks to understand interaction between anatomy, physiology (in particular of the nervous system), and behavior - applies biological experimentation to psychological problems, often uses brain scans

Question 41

behavioral genetics

Answer 41

explores how behavior can be attributed to genetics (to what extent can adolescent risk-taking be attibuted to genetics?)

Question 42

behaviorism

Answer 42

- psychology is the study of observable behavior - uses classical and operant conditioning

Question 43

John Watson

Answer 43

behaviorist psychologist who did the Little Albert experiment

Question 44

classical conditioning

Answer 44

- first studied by Ivan Pavlov - a behavior can be learned by presenting a previously neutral stimulus alongside a positive/negative one - Pavlov's dog: bell rung when the dog was given food, and later on when the bell was rung the dog salivated even without food being there

Question 45

B.F. Skinner

Answer 45

- coined operant conditioning - Skinner box guy

Question 46

operant conditioning

Answer 46

learning through reward and punishment

Question 47

behavior modification

Answer 47

techniques where psychological problems are considered to be resultant of learned habits, and these can be unlearned

Question 48

cognitive psychology

Answer 48

to understand someone's behavior, we need to understand how they think

Question 49

domain - biological

Answer 49

a question concerning a drug's effect on someone's behavior would fall here

Question 50

domain - social

Answer 50

a question about how a drug effects someone's relationships with their family would fall here

Question 51

domain - clinical

Answer 51

a question about how to treat a drug addict would fall here

Question 52

domain - cognitive

Answer 52

a question about how a drug user thinks to justify the use would fall here

Question 53

domain - counseling

Answer 53

a question about how a school counselor would talk to a student about drugs would fall here

Question 54

domain - developmental

Answer 54

a question about what age someone becomes more susceptible to peer pressure would fall here

Question 55

domain - educational

Answer 55

a question about how effective school-based programs are would fall here

Question 56

domain - experimental

Answer 56

dealing with experiments falls here

Question 57

domain - industrial-organizational

Answer 57

dealing with workplaces falls here

Question 58

domain - personality

Answer 58

dealing with personality falls here

Question 59

domain - psychometric

Answer 59

dealing with how to measure things in psychology falls here

Question 60

domain - positive

Answer 60

dealing with the positive aspects and strengths of human behavior falls here