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5 Infection of respiratory system Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Before reaching the lungs what does the upper respiratory tract do to air ?

A
  • filters
  • heats
  • humidifies
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2
Q

list 5 cells of the nasal cavity

A
  • ciliated epithelial
  • basal epithelia
  • M cells
  • goblet cells
  • dendritic cells
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3
Q

function of ciliated epithelial cells

A

transport of mucus

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4
Q

function of basal epithelia cells

A

Attaches the epithelium to basement membrane

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5
Q

function of M cells

A

antigen/pathogen sampling
mucosal immunity

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6
Q

function of goblet cells

A

mucin secretion

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7
Q

function of dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells
antigen processing

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8
Q

3 Functions of lower respiratory tract (LRT)?

A
  • takes in air from URT
  • absorbs oxygen
  • releases carbon dioxide
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9
Q

components of URT ?

URT = upper respiratory tract

A
  • sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx (above vocal cords)
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10
Q

Components of LRT ?

LRT = lower respiratory tract

A
  • larynx (below vocal cords)
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
  • diaphragm
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11
Q

List the approx 7 barriers that URT has for forign particles (including pathogens)

A
  • nasal hair (filtering of dust, pollen etc.)
  • Mucus
  • Mucociliary clearance
  • Surfactant proteins
  • Microbiota
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Secretory IgA antibodies
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12
Q

URT has distinct …1.. structures with different …2.. cell types

A
  1. anatomical
  2. epithelial
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13
Q

URT provides ..1…. that are colonised by ..2… species (bacteria, fungi, viruses)

A
  1. micro-niches
  2. different microbial
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14
Q

Aerosal transmission of pathogens:
* pathogens in expiration
* enter resp tract of ..2.. individuals through …3…

A
  1. susceptible
  2. inhalation
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15
Q

3 ways pathogens enter resp tract during inhalation of susceptible individuals ?

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • vocalising (talking, singing, shouting)
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16
Q

Overview of aerosal transmission of pathogens include 3 phases, what are these phases ?

A
  1. generation and exhalation
  2. transport
  3. inhalation, deposition and infection
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17
Q

Which microorganisms travels the most furthest and least furthers metres ?
viruses, bacteria, mycelia, mycoplasma, yeasts, eukaryotic cells

A
  • viruses = 0.05 - 0.1µm
  • mycelia = 100 µm - several metres
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18
Q

Difference between aerosol and droplets with:
1. travel distance ?
2. float in air / fall to ground , time takes , can / can’t be inhaled
3. < or > µm
4. contaminating surfaces ?

A

A:
1. within and beyond 1 meter
2. float for hours & be inhaled
3. < 5 µm
4. no mention of contaminate surfaces

D:
1. less than 1 meter
2. fall to ground, under 5 seconds, can’t be inhaled
3. > 100 µn
4. can contaminates surfaces (fomites)

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19
Q

In the first few hours of life how much microbiota do neonates acquire ?

A

a wide range

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20
Q

Neonates acquire abundance of following microbiota in first few hours and first week of life , name 4 examples …

A

** Staphylococcus spp. e.g. S. epidermidis*

** Corynebacterium spp. e.g. C. accolens*

** Dolosigranulum spp.*

** Moraxella spp.*

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21
Q

Early presence of which 3 microbiota at 4-6 months of age correlates with respiratory health ?

A
  • Corynebacterium spp
  • Dolosigranulum spp
  • Morexalla spp
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22
Q

Name some featal factors which influence the respiratory microbiome in neonates

A
  • birth mode
  • feeding type
  • siblings
  • daycare
  • season
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23
Q

Name some maternal/environmental factors which influence the respiratory microbiome in neonates

A
  • genetics
  • vaccination
  • infection
  • antibiotics
  • smoking
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24
Q

Colonisation of URT in early life:

  1. In first week to 2 months of life what colonisation occurs
A

hypo-pharynx

(lower part of throat right behind the larynx, entrance into the oesophagus)

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25
name 3 bacteria which colonise the hypo-pharynx region during first week to 2 months of early life
* streptococcus pneumoniae * staphylococcus aureus * moraxella catarrhalis
26
Colonisation of URT in early life: 1. from 3-6 months what colonisation occurs
nasal cavity
27
name some bacteria which colonise the nasal cavity during first 3-6 months of early life
* streptococcus
28
Colonisation of URT in early life: 1. from 12 months > what colonisation occurs
nasal cavity
29
name some bacteria which colonise the nasal cavity during first 12 months > of early life
* corynebacterium * bifidobacterium * dolosigranulum (Imagine a baby named ''Cory" dancing on the sand that's shaped like $ dollors $ and the baby has bifocal glasses)
30
Several species of bacteria that ..1.. the URT can , under certain ...2..., lead to ...3..
1. colonise 2. circumstances 3. infection
31
List 7 bacteria species that can colonise the URT and lead to infection under certain circumstances
* Haemophilus influenzae type b * Staphylococcus aureus * Neisseria meningitidis * Streptococcus penumoniae * Streptococcus pyrogenes * Streptococcus agalactiae * Streptococcus anginosus
32
From some of the bacteria that colonise the URT which can lead to infection, which ones have protection with childhood vaccinations ?
* Haemophilus influenzae type b * Streptococcus penumoniae * Neisseria meningitidis
33
Name some common infections of URT
* sinusitis * common cold * epiglottitis * laryngitis * pharyngitis [* nasopharyngitis ?]
34
What diagnosis are done for the infections of URT ?
* examinations of nose, ears, throat * breathing (to determine if infection in LRT)
35
% of adult colds that are of unknown causative agent ?
20-30
36
Name 4 viruses that can cause common cold
* rhinoviruses * coronaviruses * parainfluenza virus * respiratory syncytial virus
37
Bacteria that cuases epiglottitis ?
* haemophilus influenzae type b * streptococcus pneumoniae * streptococcus A, B, C * staphylococcus aureus
38
Microbiome of LRT composed of ... list 4 ?
* bacteria * viruses * bacteriophages * fungi
39
In the microbiome of LRT what is not well characterised ?
* virome * mycobiome
40
Give some examples of fungi found in the microbiome of the LRT [other examples]
* aspergillus * penicillum * candida * eurotium
41
Some examples of natural defenses against infection in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) [might need to change ?]
1. mucus membranes line the trachea, bronchi & bronchioles 2. alveolar macrophages 3. IgA within the mucus 4. Lower respiratory tract generally lacks micro-organisms
42
LRT microbial populations primary enter the lungs through...?
mucosal dispersion and micro-aspiration from the URT
43
Lung microbiota is largely similar to ...?
URT microbiome
44
main / likely source of microbiota in the following : 1. adults ? 2. children ?
1. Oropharynx 2. Oropharynx & nasopharynx
45
Gut-lung axis provides ..1.. communication between ...2...
1. bidirectional 2. gut and lungs
46
Interactions of gut-lung axis ?
* host-microbe * microbe-microbe
47
In the Gut-lung axis involves disruption of early life microbiome (e.g. antibiotics) is associate with what ... ?
allergies and lung infections
48
Gut microbiota is implicated in ..1.. and ...2... of systemic immunity
1. regulation 2. maintenance
49
4 types of respiratory defence mechanisms
* physical & physiological barriers * mechanical * immunological * other
50
examples of defence mechanisms of physical & physiological barriers
* hair in nares (opening of nose) * glottis * tight junctions * mucociliary apparatus * alveolar surfactant
51
Physical & physiological barriers are impaired by ?
* cigarette smoke * corrosive gases
52
Examples of mechanical defense mechanisms
* coughing * sneezing * reflex broncho-constriction * gag reflex
53
Mechanical defence mechanism is impaired by ?
* anaesthesia * neuromuscular disorders * coma
54
Examples of immunological defence mechanisms ?
* innate immune activation (e.g. alveola macrophages) * AMPs * activation of complement * APC * lymphocyte recruitment
55
Immunological defence mechanism impaired by ?
alcohol, tobacco
56
Example of defence mechanism that isn't physical & physiological barrier, mechanical, immunological
salivary enzymes
57
3 infections of the LRT ?
* bronchitis - bronchi inflammation * bronchiolitis - bronchioles inflammation * Pneumonia - lung parenchyma inflammation
58
3 features of Bronchitis * self-limiting/not self limiting * generally affected pathogen... * diagnosis usually....
* self-limiting * generally viral * diagnosis usually clinical
59
3 features of bronchiolitis * hosptilisations of which age group... * virus causing it... * majority of cases are ...
* infant hospitalisations * respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) * majority of cases self-limiting
60
3 features of pneumonia (lung parenchyma inflammation) * caused by .... * classifed depeding on source of infection how ?
* caused by a range of pathogens * community-acquired * nosocomial (hospital-acquired)

infection (33 decks)

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