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5 LIPIDS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids and lipoproteins primarily composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)

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2
Q

What additional element is often coupled with CHO in biomolecules to form proteins?

A

Nitrogen

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3
Q

What biomolecule element combination indicates carbohydrates or lipids?

A

CHO without nitrogen

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4
Q

What is another common term for lipids?

A

Fats

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5
Q

What is the main type of bond in lipids that makes them hydrophobic?

A

Covalent and hydrophobic bonds

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6
Q

In what type of solvents are lipids soluble?

A

Organic solvents (e.g., chloroform, ether)

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7
Q

What type of transport mechanism is required for lipids in the blood?

A

Lipoproteins

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8
Q

What role do lipids play in energy storage?

A

Storing energy

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9
Q

Which vitamins rely on lipids for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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10
Q

What structural role do lipids play in cells?

A

They are components of the cell membrane.

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11
Q

Name a type of hormone synthesized from lipids.

A

Steroid hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone)

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12
Q

What lipid consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule?

A

Triglycerides (or triacylglycerol)

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13
Q

What lipid has a phosphate group attached?

A

Phospholipids

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14
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

Carbon ring structure with alcohol functional groups

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15
Q

A cholesterol molecule forming an ester bond with another molecule

A

cholesteryl ester

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16
Q

What group do fatty acids terminate with?

A

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

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17
Q

How are fatty acids classified based on their length?

A

Short-chain (4-6 carbons), medium-chain (8-12 carbons), and long-chain (more than 12 carbons)

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18
Q

What distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds.

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19
Q

What type of configuration do cis fatty acids have?

A

Same side of the molecule

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20
Q

What type of configuration do trans fatty acids have?

A

Opposite configuration

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21
Q

What is another name for triglycerides?

A

Neutral fats

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22
Q

How many fatty acids are attached to glycerol in triglycerides?

A

Three fatty acids

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23
Q

What type of triglycerides tend to be solid at room temperature?

A

Those containing saturated fatty acids

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24
Q

Where are triglycerides primarily stored in the human body?

A

Adipose tissue

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25
How do phospholipids differ structurally from triglycerides?
Phospholipids have only two fatty acids.
26
Where are phospholipids primarily found in the cell?
Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
27
Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic?
The head
28
Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic?
The tail
29
What is the most abundant form of phospholipid in the cell membrane?
Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) – 70%
30
Which phospholipid is found in the myelin sheath of neurons?
Sphingomyelin
31
Name two types of cephalin.
phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine
32
What role does phosphatidyl serine play in cell signaling?
It serves as a cell receptor for signal transduction.
33
What is the purpose of the hydrophilic heads in the phospholipid bilayer?
To interact with the extracellular matrix and cytoplasm
34
What purpose does phospholipid testing serve in fetal development?
To assess if the fetus can survive delivery and detect potential fetal distress
35
What is the backbone of sphingomyelin?
Sphingosine
36
In which organs does sphingomyelin accumulate in Niemann-Pick disease?
Liver and spleen
37
Which phospholipid is derived from sphingosine rather than glycerol?
Sphingomyelin
38
In which cells or tissues is sphingomyelin an essential component?
Red blood cell (RBC) membranes and nerve sheaths
39
What type of molecule is cholesterol?
An unsaturated steroid alcohol
40
How many rings does the structure of cholesterol contain?
Four rings (A, B, C, and D)
41
What are the two forms of cholesterol?
Esterified (cholesteryl ester) and unesterified (free cholesterol)
42
What condition results from high cholesterol levels in the blood?
Hypercholesterolemia
43
What role does cholesterol play in steroid hormone synthesis?
It acts as a precursor.
44
What can cholesterol be converted into in the liver?
Bile acids (e.g., cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid)
45
Name a vitamin that cholesterol can help synthesize.
Vitamin D
46
What reaction does LCAT catalyze for cholesterol?
Esterification of cholesterol
47
In which organ is LCAT synthesized?
Liver
48
What protein activates LCAT?
Apo A-1 (found in HDL)
49
What happens to HDL when LCAT is activated?
It accumulates cholesterol as cholesterol ester (esterified cholesterol).
50
What process involves liberating cholesterol from its ester form?
Saponification
51
What is the function of cholesterol in the body besides being a fuel source?
Precursor for steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D
52
What shape are lipoproteins?
Spherical
53
What is located on the surface of lipoproteins?
Cholesterol and phospholipids
54
What is located in the core of lipoproteins?
Triglyceride and cholesteryl ester
55
What is the main function of lipoproteins?
Delivery of fuel (lipids) to peripheral cells
56
Name the four major human lipoproteins.
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL
57
Which lipoprotein is the least dense?
Chylomicrons
58
Which lipoprotein is the most dense?
HDL
59
Which lipoprotein carries exogenous triglycerides?
Chylomicrons
60
Which lipoprotein carries endogenous triglycerides?
VLDL
61
What is the role of LDL in cholesterol transport?
Transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral cells ("bad cholesterol")
62
What is the role of HDL in cholesterol transport?
Transports cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver ("good cholesterol")
63
Where are apolipoproteins primarily located?
On the surface of lipoprotein particles
64
What role do apolipoproteins play in the structural integrity of lipoproteins?
They help maintain structural integrity.
65
What is the function of apolipoproteins as ligands?
They act as ligands for cell receptors and as activators/inhibitors for enzymes.
66
How do apolipoproteins aid in lipid solubilization in the blood?
They assist in the esterification of lipids.
67
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the lysis of lipid bonds in lipoproteins.
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
68
What is the primary apolipoprotein found in chylomicrons?
Apo B-48
69
How do chylomicrons affect the appearance of postprandial (after eating) plasma?
They cause turbidity in the plasma.
70
Where are chylomicrons produced?
In the intestine
71
What is the principal role of chylomicrons?
Delivery of dietary lipids to hepatic and peripheral cells
72
What layer do chylomicrons create in plasma?
A creamy top layer
73
What is the electrophoretic pattern of VLDL?
Pre-beta lipoprotein
74
Where are VLDL produced?
In the liver
75
What apolipoproteins do VLDL contain?
Apo B-100, apo E, and Apo Cs
76
What do VLDL primarily transport?
Endogenous triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues
77
What condition causes VLDL to contribute to turbidity in plasma?
Fasting hyperlipidemia
78
What is the layman's term for LDL
Bad cholesterol
79
What is the electrophoretic pattern of LDL?
Beta lipoprotein
80
What is the primary apolipoprotein in LDL?
Apo B-100
81
How is LDL formed
From the lipolysis of VLDL
82
What risk is associated with elevated levels of LDL
Hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerosis
83
What is the layman's term for HDL
Good cholesterol
84
What is the electrophoretic mobility pattern of HDL?
Alpha lipoprotein
85
What is the size and density of HDL compared to other lipoproteins?
Smallest and most dense lipoprotein particle
86
Which apolipoprotein is typically found in HDL
Apo A-1
87
What are the two major types of HDL?
HDL2 and HDL3
88
What type of lipoprotein is Lipoprotein (a)
LDL-like particle
89
What does Lipoprotein (a) contain linked to Apo B-100?
One molecule of apo (a)
90
What is the risk associated with elevated levels of Lipoprotein (a)?
Increased risk of premature coronary heart disease and stroke
91
92
How is IDL classified in relation to lipoproteins?
A minor lipoprotein
93
What is Lipoprotein X (LpX) rich in?
Free cholesterol and phospholipids
94
In what conditions is LpX found?
Obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency
95
What does Beta-VLDL refer to?
VLDL that appears in the LDL position during electrophoresis
96
What condition is associated with the accumulation of Beta-VLDL?
Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

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