6. AMINO ACID ANALYSIS

Question 1

What fasting duration is required before blood sample collection for amino acid analysis?

Answer 1

6 to 8 hours

Question 2

What type of tube is used for blood sample collection in amino acid analysis?

Answer 2

Green top (heparin) tube

Question 3

What must be done within 30 minutes of blood sample collection for amino acid analysis?

Answer 3

Deproteinization

Question 4

At what temperature should samples be frozen if there is a delay in amino acid analysis?

Answer 4

−20°C to −40°C

Question 5

What is the primary purpose of deproteinization in amino acid analysis?

Answer 5

Removal of proteins

Question 6

What type of urine sample is preferred for quantitation in amino acid analysis?

Answer 6

24-hour urine sample preserved with thymol or organic solvents

Question 7

What method is used for screening in amino acid analysis?

Answer 7

Thin-layer chromatography

Question 8

What process separates ions and molecules based on their affinity to ion exchangers?

Answer 8

Ion exchange chromatography

Question 9

What kind of exchangers attract positively charged ions?

Answer 9

Cationic exchangers

Question 10

What kind of exchangers attract negatively charged ions?

Answer 10

Anionic exchangers

Question 11

What technique separates ions based on electrophoretic mobility using voltage?

Answer 11

Capillary electrophoresis

Question 12

Which method in amino acid analysis is highly specific and sensitive?

Answer 12

Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS)

Question 13

What does MS/MS analyze by breaking down selected ions into fragments?

Answer 13

The chemical structure of precursor ions.

Question 14

What is the consequence of enzyme deficiencies in inborn errors of metabolism?

Answer 14

Accumulation of precursor substances

Question 15

What accumulates in phenylketonuria due to the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase?

Answer 15

Phenylalanine and its metabolites

Question 16

What are proteins composed of?

Answer 16

Polymers of amino acids linked covalently through peptide bonds

Question 17

Where are most proteins synthesized?

Answer 17

Liver

Question 18

Where are immunoglobulins synthesized?

Answer 18

Plasma cells

Question 19

What are the primary elements found in proteins?

Answer 19

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Question 20

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 20

Linear sequence of amino acids

Question 21

What determines a protein’s identity, functions, and molecular interactions?

Answer 21

primary structure.

Question 22

What forms the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 22

α-helices, β-pleated sheets, and bend conformations.

Question 23

What adds strength and flexibility to proteins?

Answer 23

Secondary structure

Question 24

What describes the overall shape or conformation of a protein molecule?

Answer 24

Tertiary structure

Question 25

What structure results from the interaction of multiple protein subunits?

Answer 25

Quaternary structure

Question 26

What is the process called when a protein loses its shape and function?

Answer 26

Denaturation

Question 27

Name a cause of protein denaturation.

Answer 27

Heat, strong acids or alkali, enzymatic action, urea, ultraviolet light, or hydrolysis.

Question 28

Name a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions.

Answer 28

Enzyme

Question 29

Name a protein involved in glucose metabolism as a hormone.

Answer 29

Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, or cortisol

Question 30

Name examples of enzymes.

Answer 30

Phosphatases, dehydrogenases, and transaminases.

Question 31

Name a transport protein.

Answer 31

Hemoglobin, albumin, or transferrin

Question 32

What type of protein mediates the humoral immune response?

Answer 32

Immunoglobulins

Question 33

What is an example of a structural protein?

Answer 33

Collagen, elastin, or keratin

Question 34

Name an example of a storage protein.

Answer 34

Ferritin

Question 35

Which protein helps maintain colloid osmotic pressure?

Answer 35

Albumin

Question 36

What database is used for structural classification of proteins?

Answer 36

SCOP (Structural Classification of Proteins)

Question 37

What is an example of a metalloprotein?

Answer 37

Ferritin

Question 38

What is a nucleoprotein found in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 38

Chromatin

Question 39

What is the basis for the Families of Structurally Similar Proteins (FSSP) database?

Answer 39

Three-dimensional protein structure

Question 40

Name a globular protein

Answer 40

Albumin or hemoglobin.

Question 41

Name a fibrous protein

Answer 41

Collagen or troponin

Question 42

What is a metalloprotein, and give an example?

Answer 42

A protein with a metal ion; examples are ferritin and ceruloplasmin.

Question 43

What is a glycoprotein, and give an example?

Answer 43

protein with carbohydrates; examples are haptoglobin and α-1-antitrypsin.

Question 44

What is a nucleoprotein, and give an example?

Answer 44

A protein linked to nucleic acids; an example is chromatin.