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6.2 PLASMA PROTEINS POE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

A

Albumin

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2
Q

What protein is the most abundant in the human body?

A

Collagen

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3
Q

What is responsible for nearly 80% of the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of intravascular fluid?

A

Albumin

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4
Q

Osmotic pressure exerted by large molecules, primarily albumin.

A

colloid osmotic pressure (COP).

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5
Q

What role does albumin play in maintaining fluid in the vasculature?

A

It helps fluid stay within the vasculature instead of leaking into tissues.

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6
Q

What type of acute-phase reactant protein is albumin classified as?

A

Negative acute-phase reactant protein.

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7
Q

What happens to albumin levels during inflammation?

A

Albumin levels decrease

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8
Q

Name three substances albumin binds to during transport.

A

Unconjugated bilirubin (B1)
Aspirin
Fatty acids

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9
Q

Name two conditions that decrease albumin due to inadequate amino acid supply.

A

Malnutrition
Malabsorption

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10
Q

Name two diseases that lead to decreased albumin levels due to loss or excretion.

A

Protein-losing enteropathy (gastrointestinal loss)
Renal disease

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11
Q

The absence of albumin.

A

analbuminemia

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12
Q

The presence of albumin with unusual molecular characteristics.

A

bisalbuminemia

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13
Q

What causes an increase in albumin levels?

A

Dehydration (due to hemoconcentration)
Excessive albumin infusion

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14
Q

It inhibits the protease neutrophil elastase to prevent tissue damage

A

α1-antitrypsin

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15
Q

What gene is responsible for α1-antitrypsin synthesis

A

SERPINA1 gene

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16
Q

What conditions increase α1-antitrypsin levels

A

Inflammatory reactions, pregnancy, and contraceptive use

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17
Q

What is the function of α1-fetoprotein (AFP) in the fetus?

A

Binds estradiol.
Protects the fetus from immunologic attack by the mother

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18
Q

Name one condition associated with increased maternal AFP

A

Neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly)

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19
Q

Name one condition associated with decreased maternal AFP levels.

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

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20
Q

What is the primary carrier protein for vitamin D in the circulation?

A

Gc-Globulin (Vitamin D–Binding Protein)

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21
Q

What protein binds free hemoglobin to prevent iron loss?

A

Haptoglobin

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22
Q

What is a key diagnostic feature of Wilson’s disease involving the eyes?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings.

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23
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen

A

form a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin.

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24
Q

Name the five classes of immunoglobulins.

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

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25
What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
Albumin
26
What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
Collagen
27
What percentage of colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of intravascular fluid is albumin responsible for?
Nearly 80%
28
A protein that increases during inflammation.
acute-phase reactant protein
29
A protein that decreases during inflammation.
negative acute-phase reactant protein
30
What happens to albumin levels during inflammation
Albumin levels decrease
31
Why does albumin bind unconjugated bilirubin (B1)?
Unconjugated bilirubin cannot be excreted without being conjugated in the liver, so it complexes with albumin to proceed to the liver
32
Name at least five substances that albumin can bind and transport.
Unconjugated bilirubin (B1) Aspirin Fatty acids Calcium Magnesium ions
33
Why does malnutrition and malabsorption decrease albumin levels?
Due to an inadequate supply of amino acids needed to synthesize albumin
34
How does liver disease lead to decreased albumin levels?
decreases synthesis of albumin by hepatocytes.
35
A condition where intestinal fluids containing proteins leak, causing decreased albumin levels.
protein-losing enteropathy
36
How does renal disease lead to decreased albumin levels?
Increased excretion of proteins by the kidneys results in decreased albumin levels
37
How do burns or exfoliative dermatitis lead to decreased albumin levels?
They cause extracellular fluid loss, leading to decreased albumin levels.
38
Name three other conditions that decrease albumin levels
Hypothyroidism Polydipsia or excess IV administration Mutation
39
How does hypothyroidism affect albumin metabolism?
Decreased thyroid hormones impair albumin metabolism, leading to decreased albumin levels.
40
How does polydipsia or excess IV fluids decrease albumin levels?
It causes a dilutional effect in the intravascular compartment.
41
What is one condition that increases albumin levels?
Dehydration (due to hemoconcentration from decreased plasma volume).
42
An increase in the concentration of substances in the blood, such as albumin, due to decreased plasma volume.
hemoconcentration
43
What are the two main causes of increased albumin levels?
Dehydration Excessive albumin infusion
44
A serine protease inhibitor that inhibits neutrophil elastase to prevent tissue damage.
α1-antitrypsin
45
What happens if α1-antitrypsin does not inhibit neutrophil elastase?
Uncontrolled neutrophil elastase activity can destroy the alveoli, causing emphysema
46
What gene provides instructions for α1-antitrypsin synthesis?
SERPINA1 gene
47
What conditions increase α1-antitrypsin levels?
Inflammatory reactions, pregnancy, and contraceptive use.
48
is a protein synthesized in the developing embryo and fetus, and later by liver parenchymal cells.
α1-fetoprotein (AFP
49
Binds the hormone estradiol in normal fetuses. Protects the fetus from immunologic attack by the mother.
α1-fetoprotein (AFP)
50
Name conditions that increase maternal AFP levels
Neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly). Abdominal wall defects. Fetal distress.
51
What condition is indicated by decreased maternal AFP levels?
Chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
52
A chromosomal disorder caused by an extra or partial copy of chromosome
Down syndrome
53
A chromosomal disorder where a baby has three copies of chromosome 18, leading to abnormal organ development.
trisomy 18
54
What is α1-Acid Glycoprotein (orosomucoid), and what type of protein is it?
It is an acute-phase reactant protein
55
Name conditions that increase α1-Acid Glycoprotein levels
Stress Inflammation Tissue damage Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Trauma Pregnancy Cancer Pneumonia Rheumatoid arthritis Surgery
56
It is a serine proteinase inhibitor and an acute-phase reactant
α1-Antichymotrypsin
57
What enzymes does α1-Antichymotrypsin inhibit
Cathepsin G Pancreatic elastase Mast cell chymase Chymotrypsin
58
Name conditions that increase α1-Antichymotrypsin levels.
Inflammatory conditions
59
Name conditions that decrease α1-Antichymotrypsin levels.
Liver disease, Parkinson’s disease, COPD, Alzheimer’s disease
60
What is the role of α1-Antichymotrypsin in Alzheimer’s disease
integral component of amyloid deposits
61
They are a family of serine proteinase inhibitors that play a role in inflammation and carcinogenesis/oncogenesis.
Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitors
62
What causes increases in Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitors?
Inflammatory disorders
63
It is the major carrier protein of vitamin D and its metabolites in the circulation.
Gc-Globulin (Vitamin D–Binding Protein)
64
Name conditions that increase Gc-Globulin levels.
Third trimester of pregnancy Patients taking oral contraceptives
65
Name conditions that decrease Gc-Globulin levels.
Severe liver disease Protein-losing syndromes
66
is an α2-glycoprotein and an acute-phase reactant. It binds free hemoglobin to prevent the loss of hemoglobin and its iron constituent.
haptoglobin
67
Name conditions that increase haptoglobin levels.
Inflammatory diseases Burns Nephrotic syndrome
68
Name a condition that decreases haptoglobin levels.
Hemolytic anemia
69
A reaction caused by incompatibility between the patient and donor blood products.
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
70
A blood problem in newborns, often occurring when an Rh-negative mother has a baby with an Rh-positive father, leading to an immune response against the baby’s red blood cells.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
71
is a copper-containing α2-glycoprotein and an acute-phase reactant.
ceruloplasmin
72
What percentage of copper in the body is bound to ceruloplasmin?
90%
73
Name conditions that increase ceruloplasmin levels.
Inflammation, some cancers, and pregnancy
74
Name conditions that decrease ceruloplasmin levels
Wilson’s disease Malnutrition Malabsorption Severe liver disease Nephrotic syndrome Menkes syndrome (kinky hair disease)
75
An autosomal recessive disorder associated with decreased ceruloplasmin levels and copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other organs.
Wilson’s disease
76
What is a diagnostic feature of Wilson’s disease in the eyes?
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper deposition in the cornea).
77
A major component of the α2 band that inhibits proteases like trypsin, thrombin, kallikrein, and plasmin
α2-Macroglobulin
78
Name a condition that increases α2-Macroglobulin levels.
Nephrotic syndrome (10× increase due to its large size preventing filtration
79
What is transferrin (siderophilin), and what type of protein is it?
Transferrin is a negative acute-phase reactant.
80
To transport iron and prevent its loss through the kidneys.
transferrin
81
Name conditions that decrease transferrin levels
Liver disease, malnutrition, and nephrotic syndrome
82
Name conditions that increase transferrin levels.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) Hemochromatosis (bronze diabetes)
83
is an acute-phase reactant that binds free heme released during hemoglobin degradation to protect against oxidative damage.
Hemopexin
84
What is the hemopexin-to-heme ratio?
1:1
85
Name a condition that decreases hemopexin levels.
Hemolytic anemia
86
transports cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids in the blood.
lipoproteins
87
What are the types of lipoproteins
Chylomicrons (CMs) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
88
It is the light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Found on the surface of most nucleated cells and in high concentrations on lymphocytes.
β2-Microglobulin
89
Name conditions that increase β2-Microglobulin levels.
Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and HIV.
90
is an acute-phase reactant and one of the first to increase during inflammation
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
91
Name conditions that increase CRP levels
Acute rheumatic fever Bacterial infections Myocardial infarction Rheumatoid arthritis Carcinomatosis Gout Viral infections
92
are glycoproteins produced by B cells that confer humoral immunity.
Immunoglobulins

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